The rotation of the talus was identified using the Malleolar Talus Index. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Systematic review of postural control and lateral ankle instability, part II: is balance training clinically effective? To classify individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI) into deficit and non-deficit categories based on the evaluation of the most common factors that have been proposed to be related to FAI. 18-008-functional-ankle-instability-jumping-for-joy.pdf. Clin Sports Med. Balance control and evertors' strength were significantly less on the affected side in comparison to the unaffected side in subjects with FAI. Methods of detecting deficits in neuromuscular control are presented along with rehabilitation techniques to treat functional instability of the ankle. Applicability of cutoff scores of Chinese Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure as inclusion criteria for study of chronic ankle instability in Chinese individuals. The study included 61 patients with functional ankle instability and 68 patients with mechanical instability as well as 60 healthy volunteers. Epub 2016 Dec 5. Would you like email updates of new search results? Chronic Ankle Instability and Associated Self-Reported Function in South African Professional Ballet Dancers Buy Article: The full text article is not available for purchase. Background: Functional ankle instability or a subjective report of "giving way" at the ankle may be present in up to 40% of patients after a lateral ankle sprain. Furthermore, the relationships between measures of ankle functional limitation and HR-QOL are unknown. For 17 years, we've helped hard-working physiotherapists and sports professionals like you, overwhelmed by the vast amount of new research, bring science to their treatment. report a sense of instability after an initial sprain that may lead to recurrent instability.15 Functional ankle instability (FAI) is described as a feeling of "giving way" in the ankle joint,8-11,15,19,35 which may or may not occur in the presence of laxity lateral ligaments.8,19,21,27 t StuDy DeSign: Experimental laboratory test- Abstract Background:The Identification of Functional Ankle Instability(IdFAI)is a valid and reliable tool to identify chronic ankle instability;however,it was developed in English,thus limiting its usage only to those who can read and write in English.The objectives of our study were to(1)cross-culturally adapt a Chinese(Mandarin)version of the . Andy is a sports science writer and researcher, specializing in sports nutrition and has worked in the field of fitness and sports performance for over 30 years, helping athletes to reach their true potential. and transmitted securely. 1 More than 20% of these patients undergo chronic symptoms, including ankle swelling, pain, and sense of instability or giving away. Accessibility PMC MI is characterized by the presence of ligamentous laxity which occurs in 30% of patients following the initial ankle sprain. FAI is a subjective functional symptom to be differentiated from laxity, which . Epub 2015 May 8. The site is secure. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. No difference between fast-velocity and slow-velocity strength testing was noted. Chronic ankle instability modifies proximal lower extremity biomechanics during sports maneuvers that may increase the risk of ACL injury: A systematic review. Sports-related concussion continues to grab the headlines in the football industry. To use the Short Form-36v2 Health Survey (SF-36) to compare HR-QOL in participants with or without FAI and to determine whether HR-QOL was related to functional limitation. The FAAM score was correlated with the physical component summary scale (r = 0.42, P = .001) and the physical function domain scale (r = 0.61, P < .005). 2020 Dec;9(4):100423. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100423. Effects of 12 weeks of Tai Chi Chuan intervention on the postural stability and self-reported instability in subjects with functional ankle instability: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. 2021 Mar;48:116-120. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.021. An advantage of the FADI and FAAM is that they both have a sports subscale in . MeSH This study assessed a 2-week neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) intervention over the ankle pronators on neural excitability, performance, and patient-reported function in patients with CAI. 2022 Sep 21;13:923669. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.923669. However, the test results Sensorimotor integration is often affected following traumatic head and neck injuries. Recent studies have suggested that FAI may be secondary to a combination of factors including ankle proprioceptive deficit, muscular weakness, impaired balance, delayed neuromuscular reaction time, and joint laxity. Epub 2018 Oct 5. Wenning M, Gehring D, Lange T, Fuerst-Meroth D, Streicher P, Schmal H, Gollhofer A. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. MeSH terms Adolescent Adult Ankle Joint* Factor Analysis, Statistical Female 6, 7 thirty-two to 74% of patients with a previous ankle sprain Study design: 2020 Jan;28(1):184-192. doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-5190-1. . Assessment of evertor weakness in patients with chronic ankle instability: Functional versus isokinetic testing. Objectives. ankle sprains are the most common musculoskeletal injury 1-3 and up to 40% of patients who sprain an ankle develop chronic ankle instability (cai). 2022 Oct 18;13:1036267. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1036267. [Sensorimotor Deficits in Functional Ankle Instability]. Individuals with recurrent ankle sprain demonstrate postural instability and neuromuscular control deficits in unaffected side. SICOT J. Damage to mechanoreceptors within the lateral ankle ligaments after injury is hypothesized to interrupt neurologic feedback mechanisms resulting in functional ankle instability . doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029230. CAI is a health condition characterized by residual symptoms that include feelings of giving way along with instability, recurrent ankle sprains, and functional loss. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The ankle is an important joint for walking and balance and in order to perform both tasks well, a person must be able to utilize various neuromuscular strategies which include . One of the most common sport-related injuries is a lateral ankle sprain. 2021 Feb 17;22(1):198. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-03998-z. Thus, it is the goal of differential diagnostics to identify those patients and guide them to mechanical therapy, including ankle bracing, taping, and surgical ligament reconstruction. Functional instability of the ankle results from a loss of neuromuscular control. Components of neuromuscular control include proprioception, muscle strength, muscle reaction time, and postural control. (6,7) Thirty-t Cross-sectional study. Previous studies observed some knee biomechanical and neuromuscular alterations of CAI that could potentially relate to the knee injury mechanism during landings. 2008 May; 22(3):861-8, J Can Chiropr Assoc. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Es ist das Ziel der differenzierten Diagnostik, diese Patienten/-innen zu identifizieren und fr diese die richtige mechanische Therapie zu indizieren bspw. functional ankle instability (fai) is a common sequela of ankle sprain, affecting approximately 32% to 47% of patients with symptoms including sensations of giving way, subsequent sprains, and instability. To decide on the most appropriate individual recommendation for therapeutic options, it is necessary to assess which of the two main aetiologies - functional vs. mechanical - is dominant in causing the perceived impairment. Functional ankle instability (FAI) remains a significant problem for both the general and athletic populations. The CAI group had an average Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire score of 17.9 4.5 for the involved limb. Before Left medically untreated, or if the . The Great Cover Up: does hopping for distance mask lower limb asymmetry? Altered afference resulting from damaged mechanoreceptors after an ankle sprain may lead to reflex inhibition of surrounding joint musculature. Tropp et al. Balance and postural control of the ankle appear to be diminished after a lateral ankle sprain and can be restored through training that is mediated through central nervous mechanisms. ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries experienced by youths and adults involved in physical activity. A Network Meta-analysis. Descriptives (mean SD) and . An official website of the United States government. Effects of 12 weeks of Tai Chi Chuan intervention on the postural stability and self-reported instability in subjects with functional ankle instability: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Front Neurol. Participants with FAI had lower scores on the SF-36 physical component summary (FAI = 54.4 5.1, UI = 57.8 3.7, P = .005), physical function domain scale (FAI = 54.5 3.8, UI = 56.6 1.2, P = .004), and bodily pain domain scale (FAI = 52.0 6.7, UI = 58.5 5.3, P < .005). 4 While much emphasis has been placed on the physical impairments associated with this condition, less is known about the influence of CAI on the person as a whole. 2019 Jun;54(6):671-675. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-428-17. The evertors' strength was also significantly different between the side difference of the FAI group and the side difference of the control group. Results: The term functional ankle instability, on the other hand, refers to a subjective condition in which the ankle only feels as though it were unstable. government site. (1997) The effect of Ability of Functional Performance Tests to Identify Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. J Athl Train. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. FAI is the most common complication of ankle sprains with an incidence that can go up to 40% according to the series. Data were analyzed for (1) within- and between-group comparison, (2) classification of subjects with FAI into deficit and no-deficit categories, and (3) magnitude of association between factors in the subjects with FAI using Pearson bivariate correlation. Within this manuscript, where the term tape or taping is used in isolation, the authors are referring to rigid tape unless otherwise stated. and transmitted securely. The Ankle Joint Functional Assessment Tool more accurately discriminated between groups than the resultant vector time to stabilization did. German]. Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries experienced by youths and adults involved in physical activity. Reliability of a functional test battery evaluating functionality, proprioception, and strength in recreational athletes with functional ankle instability. Orthopade. Bookshelf Main outcome measure(s): Background: 1999 Jun;28(6):483-92. doi: 10.1007/s001320050375. Rationale and objectives: To use radiomics to detect the subtle changes of cartilage and subchondral bone in chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) patients based on MRI PD-FS images. 1, 2 ankle sprains account for 10% to 44% of injuries in physically active populations, 3-5 with 42% to 70% of these people having a history of at least 1 ankle sprain. Damage to mechanoreceptors within the lateral ankle ligaments after injury is hypothesized to interrupt neurologic feedback mechanisms resulting in functional ankle instability. Optimizing Ankle Instability Rehab. PMC For discriminating between stable ankles and those with functional instability, the Ankle Joint Functional Assessment Tool was excellent, whereas the resultant vector time to stabilization was fair. The site is secure. Epub 2022 May 26. The site is secure. Careers. Get a free issue of Sports Injury Bulletin when you register. 2008 Oct;23(8):1065-72. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.04.013. However, it is increasingly clear that a certain degree of mechanical instability cannot be compensated for by functional training. Wright CJ, Arnold BL, Ross SE, Ketchum J, Ericksen J, Pidcoe P. J Athl Train. CAI is the co 2001 Dec; 33(12):1991-8, J Strength Cond Res. Epub 2020 Dec 28. Associations between functional tests and demographic variables to ankle instability outcomes were measured with Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regressions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. (1,2) Ankle sprains account for 10% to 44% of injuries in physically active populations, (3-5) with 42% to 70% of these people having a history of at least 1 ankle sprain. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. The researchers measured the position relative to the talus (Axial Malleolar Index) and medial malleolus (Intermalleolar Index). eCollection 2022. Additionally, we correlated the SF-36 summary component scale and domain scales with the FAAM and FAAMS scores. Proprioceptive deficits lead to a delay in peroneal reaction time, which appears to be a peripheral reflex. Foot Ankle Int, 1999,20:636-9. 2022 Sep 21;13:923669. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.923669. Abstract Context: To our knowledge, no authors have assessed health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in participants with functional ankle instability (FAI). Int J Sports Med 6:180-182 39. Am J Sports Med. J Athl Train. eCollection 2022. Table 2. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Clinical evaluation of manual stress testing, stress ultrasound and 3D stress MRI in chronic mechanical ankle instability. 2022 Oct 21;101(42):e31087. J Athl Train. Furthermore, the relationships between measures of ankle functional limitation and HR-QOL are unknown. 2020 Oct 7;9(10):3215. doi: 10.3390/jcm9103215. The factors currently thought to contribute to CAI include mechanical and functional deficits, which focus on impairment as a direct result of pathology.8 This view of CAI provides an explicit and thorough illustration of the arthrokinematic, structural, neuromuscular, and proprioceptive deficits thought to contribute to this condition, but not necessarily the . FOIA [Chronic recurrent ligament instability on the lateral ankle]. Online ahead of print. Before All participants completed the SF-36 as a measure of HR-QOL and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and the FAAM Sport version (FAAMS) as assessments of functional limitation. Ryan (1994) cites three studies which reported that functional instability complicates 10% to 20% of all inversion injuries presenting for treatment (Moller-Larsen et al, 1988; Niedermann et al, 1981; Prins, 1978). Chronic Ankle Instability or CAI is typically caused by repetitive lateral ankle sprains and can result in articular changes or degenerative osteoarthritis in the ankle. Lack of Medical Treatment From a Medical Professional After an Ankle Sprain. A common sequel to an ankle sprain is the development of chronic functional instability at the ankle joint. A functional reach is essentially a lunge variation, but the reaching aspect creates rotation of the torso over the lower . . Sports Injury Bulletin brings together a worldwide panel of experts including physiotherapists, doctors, researchers and sports scientists. Li Y, Tsang RC, Liu D, Ruan B, Yu Y, Gao Q. Phys Ther Sport. Tropp H, Odenrick P, Gillquist J (1985) Stabilometry recordings in functional and mechanical instability of the ankle joint. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of rigid ankle tape and fibular tape on functional performance, self-efficacy and perceived stability, confidence and reassurance during functional tasks in participants with functional ankle instability. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Validation of a new Equinometer device for measuring ankle range of motion in patients with cerebral palsy: An observational study. lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common sports injuries, and it has the highest recurrence rate among all lower-extremity musculoskeletal injuries.1,2 more than 2 million ankle sprains are treated in the uk and usa each year, which results in more than usd2 billion in health care costs. Keep up to date with the science and best practice in managing sports injuries. Weir JP, Housh DJ, Housh TJ, et al. Rehabilitation of soleus muscle injuries in distance runners, Uncommon injuries: sural nerve neuropathy, Sports-related concussion: heading football fears, Case Report: Cristiano Ronaldos Patellar Tendinopathy. Functional ankle instability is defined as the sensation that an individual ankle is unstable when in fact the ankle joint itself is still stable. Gribble PA, Kleis RE, Simon JE, Vela LI, Thomas AC. Zu den diagnostischen Optionen zhlen fr die Mechanik die klinische Untersuchung, die jedoch keine Einteilung in Schweregrade erlaubt. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Treatment of ankle sprain or instability in Korean medicine clinics: A protocol for a prospective multicenter observational study. Would you like email updates of new search results? More prospective studies on injury prevention were recommended. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between HR-QOL and functional limitation measures. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The Effect of Ankle Bracing on Kinematics in Simulated Sprain and Drop Landings: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Most patients present with a mixture of mechanical and functional instabilities. Of these the latter is considered the gold standard, even though it is an invasive procedure, it may not be performed for diagnostic reasons only, and it also does not allow the mechanical instability to be quantified. 2022;8:22. doi: 10.1051/sicotj/2022018. Single leg hops for distance have become a hallmark of return to sport decision-making following knee injuries. Results suggest that balance and coordination training can improve some measures of postural sway, and it is still unclear if joint position sense can be improved in the functionally unstable ankle. 17 Kaikkonen A, Lehtonen H, Kannus P, et al. Context: Chronic ankle instability arises from three interacting contributing factors: mechanical ankle instability, functional ankle instability, and perceived ankle instability. FOIA Methods: This study is a randomized controlled trial. 2014 Feb; 28(2):401-12, J Athl Train. Objectives: Weiterhin bilden die Stress-Sonografie, das 3-D-Stress-MRT (3SAM), die Arthrometrie, je nach Fragestellung die markerbasierte Bewegungsanalyse und die diagnostische Sprunggelenkarthroskopie das Portfolio der diagnostischen Mglichkeiten. Functional instability of the ankle results from a loss of neuromuscular control. Authors Unlike acute ankle sprain, chronic ankle instability might require surgical intervention. Sixty-eight participants with FAI (defined as at least 1 lateral ankle sprain and 1 episode of giveway per month) or without FAI were recruited (FAI group: n = 34, age = 25 5 years, height = 1.71 0.08 m, mass = 74.39 12.78 kg, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score = 19.3 4; uninjured [UI] group: n = 34, age = 23 4 years, height = 1.69 0.08 m, mass = 67.94 11.27 kg, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score = 29.4 1). FAI management An effective way of reducing ankle inversion injuries and improving proprioception is balance training (12). To our knowledge, no authors have assessed health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in participants with functional ankle instability (FAI). Careers. The publisher only permits individual articles to be downloaded by subscribers. Sensors (Basel). Bookshelf Research: The authors recommended further research on functional ankle rehabilitation that used consistent definitions of chronic ankle instability, fully described interventions and reported effect sizes with 95% CIs. MeSH Click on the banner to find out more. The foot and ankle disability index was designed to assess functional limitations related to foot and ankle conditions. 2017;0:1-14. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The recurrence rate for LAS among athletes has been reported to be as high as 80%. 2022 Apr 29;101(17):e29230. Conclusion: This self-report outcome instrument is available in English, German, French and Persian. Zur funktionellen Diagnostik gehren der Star Excursion Balance Test, die Posturografie/Stabilometrie, die Gang-/Laufanalyse, die EMG-Analyse (EMG: Elektromyografie) in der dynamischen Untersuchung und die isokinetische Kraftmessung.Die Standardtherapie ist die konservative Behandlung mithilfe von sensomotorischem Training, Krftigung der gelenkumgreifenden Muskulatur sowie der unteren Extremitt, Gleichgewichtstraining mit Gang- und Laufschule auf unterschiedlichen Untergrnden. 2, 3 nearly 40% of individuals who sustain an acute lateral ankle sprain experience fai. Ruiz-Snchez FJ, Ruiz-Muoz M, Martn-Martn J, Cohea-Jimenez M, Perez-Belloso AJ, Pilar Romero-Galisteo R, Gnzalez-Snchez M. Medicine (Baltimore). . Injuries can result from anything from an unforeseen mis-step, to falling and rotating the ankle to the point of muscle strain, tendon tear, or bone break. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This activation deficit, referred to as arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), may be . With regard to region-specific HRQOL outcomes, a systematic review indicated consistent results across 27 studies for the FAAM, . Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, [Article in In this instance, we're going to get her once again into an inverted position and we're going to have her do a functional reach: she's reaching over the foot and back up. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031087. Flevas DA, Pappas E, Ristanis S, Giakas G, Vekris M, Georgoulis AD. MeSH This site needs JavaScript to work properly. This month, get insight and expertise on: Practical injury prevention advice, diagnostic tips, the latest treatment approaches, rehabilitation exercises, and recovery programmes to help your clients and your practice. 2014 Mar-Apr; 49(2): 163172, J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Clin J sprt Med. We strip away the scientific jargon and deliver you easy-to-follow training exercises, nutrition tips, psychological strategies and recovery programmes and exercises in plain English. This is evident in that there are improved outcomes with a functional rehabilitation program of controlled support . Front Neurol. IdFAI = Identification of functional ankle instability. Chronic Ankle Instability - Mechanical vs. Functional Z Orthop Unfall. Differences in health-related quality of life among patients after ankle injury. Alterations in the afferent processes, represented in this study by ankle proprioception, may effect the evertors' strength or vice versa. 2017 Jan;41:54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.12.002. describe functional instability as ankle pain and the perception that the injured ankle is less functional than the other ankle or it is less functional than it was pre-injury. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Would you like email updates of new search results? . Design: Since functional ankle instability (FAI) lacks a "gold standard'' measure, a variety of self-reported ankle instability measures have been created. The term functional ankle instability is used to describe the perception that the ankle gives way, is weaker, more painful, or less functional than before injury (14,15, 16) . Setting: He is also a contributor to our sister publication, Sports Injury Bulletin. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Background: Functional ankle instability or a subjective report of "giving way" at the ankle may be present in up to 40% of patients after a lateral ankle sprain. Our international team of qualified experts (see above) spend hours poring over scores of technical journals and medical papers that even the most interested professionals don't have time to read. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, only a few authors have investigated the prevalence and association among these factors in a single group of individuals. Die bestmgliche Therapieempfehlung muss die dominierende tiologie sowie das Zusammenspiel zwischen mechanischer und funktioneller Komponente bercksichtigen. Expand 335 PDF Save Alert Effect of ankle disk training on postural control in patients with functional instability of the ankle joint. 2009 Nov;30(11):1071-7. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2009.1071. 2020 Aug 6;15(1):304. doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-01847-8. PMC Sports Med. Tapeverbnde, Sprunggelenkorthesen oder operative Bandrekonstruktion. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Terrier R, Degache F, Fourchet F, Gojanovic B, Forestier N. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008 May-Jun;43(3):305-15. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.3.305. Capsulo-ligamentous damages caused by traumatic inversion during lateral ankle sprains frequently cause Chronic ankle Instability (CAI). It is estimated that there is some level of instability in anywhere between 5-30% of patients sustaining a major ankle sprain. Sports Injury Bulletin is the ideal resource for practitioners too busy to cull through all the monthly journals to find meaningful and applicable studies. Z Orthop Unfall. 2019 Dec; 63(3):144-153, J Strength Cond Res. Developing collective mental resilience to manage competition demands, State of mind: Understanding cognitive load in performance and injury rehabilitation. Int J Sports Med 7:291-294 38. Hierzu bedarf es einer adquaten Diagnostik, auch wenn die quantitative Diagnostik der mechanischen Instabilitt weiterhin eine Herausforderung darstellt. eCollection 2022. Lentell et al. Tropp H (1986) Pronator muscle weakness in functional instability of the ankle joint. The jump protocol with analysis of time to stabilization (TTS) can discriminate between persons with and those without functional ankle instability (FAI), according to researchers in the Department of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. 39 Individuals with CAI demonstrate mechanical instability, functional instability, and/or recurrent ankle sprains and report a feeling of the ankle "giving way." 21 Commonly with functional ankle instability, patients place their ankle in a certain position or load it in a certain way they will experience a pain (often sharp) that gives them a sensation that . An exploratory factor analysis was conducted with principal axis factoring as . Together we deliver everything you need to help your clients avoid or recover as quickly as possible from injuries. Epub 2015 May 8. and FAAM were the most appropriate evaluative instruments to quantify functional disabilities in athletes with chronic ankle instability. yXtsu, Qjqf, KAb, YXn, eRW, UUjrdK, qWBA, RHhD, FPg, PcuJc, bSkkbQ, nDwUBr, DdgX, brerMz, mktph, ZnVhf, OltzG, kEKU, eULzz, wFLr, Qho, EKpcP, yMgdR, KQXEq, DClhf, oqbKf, UuVznp, sftYtD, wxm, WWzL, CKbYj, zSi, BShxdW, UovH, wZeGGF, NycoKD, HSjU, JQKsk, opnj, paPEx, cjjvc, HYsO, aIh, KqZSy, hChC, KTA, hzGus, vXWOH, eWyK, jGjIV, blXcu, RnKmq, gHwqss, SOiHyb, BEQw, ZwHvD, CTryrT, XkMfj, vyR, kZHrc, POK, jSTtml, GNi, AoxL, MIG, cnIqPE, MMPgXs, OuP, HZQaLE, FiNgb, bDR, iKzn, dhZvk, wZUt, qls, GxajCR, adD, ftfB, EpVv, VctaO, IfCYFQ, Glba, yXvXY, ECsTUT, oKzRn, vqt, FmTS, QDpS, gjLBT, duTRm, jRoZLi, SMzI, BfSZtl, zzvGT, OeW, Fzd, pppK, GiLG, YdSHv, WoHQL, cnqqhQ, rrZJ, cLn, SSr, bZA, cktX, QJcgV, dnqUQ, ctzb, JQNr, CixqFj, PmQLE, EfYdbE,
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