Holt, J. The modern public sphere in which professional journalists now operate does not allow the same old practices to be as effective as they once were. Iribarren, L. (2019). The done successfully. A professional journalist who contributes to a traditional news outlet, such as a newspaper, magazine, radio station, or television network, is referred to as a . If news organisations can benefit from it, it also raises a fundamental issue: those of the persons privacy. Globally, we have made dramatic technological advancements since then but specifically in suiting with this paper we have drastically made developments in journalism. Where is the Love? receive information. movement through the layers increasing complexity with every layer. The focus of the study was on two of the most important elements of traditional 62 Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications January 2017 . Companies such as ITV, BBC and SKY are rivalling with each other as well as the inexhaustible population of each individual user on social media platforms being Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and so on. This alone showed the power that citizen journalism could They can make choices about what they want to read in a way that has never happened before. the private space of ones family one could hold a different view The Five Best Reviews of Virginia Woolfs Orlando. Outings You can unsubscribe at any time from any content delivery channel, or from all of them, though unsubscribing may prevent you from participating in the opportunities provided by this program. Indeed, the citizen participation offers a range of new sources to media organisations. Social media is communication through websites and online platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, used by an extensive measure of people to dispense information/ entertainment, develop social and professional contacts, and promote businesses. Genetically Modified Organism(GMO) Good or Bad? Ferguson riots, The Iranian Presidential elections of 2009, Black Others tweeted about what was happening, and some tweeted to let their followers know that they were safe. If a journalist is personal she/he is not professional. Called participatory journalism or reporting, this new journalism happens when the reader is collaborating with the journalist. The famous American television channel Cable News Network (CNN) also fall back on this technic. Citizen Journalism: meaning, History, Types, Pros and cons. In ways, social media has introduced a new layer to the world of journalism; interaction and communication with audiences, which professional journalists can seriously benefit from. Street interview: Do the French people know about Ireland? Imagine you receive a text from a loved one saying that theyre hiding and think they might be caught up in an attack, for example. According to a study from the University of Texas (2008), there are two factors which attribute to the preference for personalisation: Information overload and the desire for control. The journalists were of the opinion that the data collected through the questionnaire would be reliable to study the impact of citizen journalism on mainstream journalism. Should it?. News organizations often require the intervention of qualified persons expect on psychology as an example on a topic to improve the quality of the article or any other production. Interview with Paul McDonald, Founder of Innerflow, on the Benefits of Sound Healing, Theatre Review of a Christmas Classic Harold and Maude, ANALOG DUBLIN film camera extracts from November in Dublin, Griffith College Mens Basketball Team Head Into 2020 as League Leaders, How To Make Your first short film with limited means. Kermit is Credible, and this is good for news, citizen journalism vs professional journalism, National Union of Journalists code of conduct, Shifting boundaries: Objectivity, citizen journalism and tomorrows journalists, http://edition.cnn.com/specials/opinions/cnnireport, Anything you can do, I can do better? An allergist weighs in. The methods of conducting journalistic practices have changed due to technological developments. The need and want for traditional journalism will always be present as it tailors to a sense of validity when the public consumes news. This is a real example of citizen journalism; people taking to social media to report on breaking news as it was happening before anyone else knew about it. A journalistic movement for the people by the people reshaped news and dissemination from the bottom up. The interviews also sought to define citizen journalism and journalistic objectivity in an effort to improve the understanding of how the terms are practically applied. to home we look can to examples such as the water charge protests in Misinformation Attacks Unleashed During the Impeachment Inquiry, Taking yourself out of the frame as a journalist. NewYork: Lang Publishing, 2009) this type of journalism is animated by differing conceptions of both citizenship and journalism, and practised under very different political regimes around the world. The direct mode of address carries intimacy with audiences and encourages the desired emotional response given to the viewer written and performed by the journalists. collaboration becoming more complex as it becomes more interactive. However citizen journalism must be ethical and not titillating or sensationalist in its content (see previous example on Japans suicide forest as how not to engage in peer to peer groups). 150 subscribers in his blogosphere and these each had 150 Traditional journalism is being the one sided communication of journalists writing and the people consuming along with those journalists carrying the acquired skills and knowledge for the profession. This reference allows us to identify the indigenous stages of the new digital revolution in society which later encourages the form of the technological shift in journalism. According to Bolette Baagaard, writer of Shifting boundaries: Objectivity, citizen journalism and tomorrows journalists, a journalist is not just any victim of natural disasters, but someone who is able to expect to stand above the panic and fear and do a report. 2019), as well as citizen journalists (Kim & Lowrey, 2015) and alternative news media (Figenschou & Ihlebk, 2019; Holt et al . While social media is generally seen as unreliable by nearly a third of journalists (32%), it still serves as a main news source for roughly 50% of journalists. Henrik rnebring in his article Anything you can do, I can do better? The Bartenders Of Ireland: How Is The Hospitality Sector Faring During Covid? Retrieved from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/25/ofcom-newspapers. (2010). It reveals that most of them did not feel particularly threatened by citizen journalism and other media alternatives; they were 51% to think citizen does not constitute real journalism. UK adults spent a quarter of their waking day online during lockdown - a record high, according to Ofcom. (BBC News, 2020). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". However, people such as Stuart Allan and Einar Thorsen argue that the citizen journalists disruption of such hierarchies cannot solely be attributed to the rise of digital technologies, though these technologies do indeed optimize the propagation of citizen messages (Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives, 2009). Attitude Of Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism As A Career. Using the six degrees of Developments in digital technology have impacted methods by which journalism works across different media platforms which has caused a decline in traditional journalistic practices. Spring allergy symptoms may mimic those of coronavirus so how do we tell them apart? It began as a reaction to mistrust in mainstream media.The aim of citizen participation was to provide accurate, reliable and relevant information in line with the ethos of a democratic society. Throughout the history of journalism, stories have been amplified and occasionally allows the line between fact and opinion to be interpretable evidently, through the expansion of social media, audiences and the ever-growing competition of citizen journalists, this simplification and exaggeration has expanded. In fact, 51.8% of journalists, according to Cision, use social media to find and build stories. However, it is only since recently that they seem to take more space and have a real impact on people. Social networks are opening up whole new vistas for documentary filmmakers. The following paragraph illustrates the nasty side of social media when matters get out of hand. In Your email address will not be published. Because of the efficient democratisation of the multimedia and the new Information and Communication Technology (ICT), every citizen can potentially become a reporter, by proposing information, sometimes at high added value. This has altered the landscape of journalism and its traditional notions of methodology and practices. This is the idea expressed by the greater number. As the public becomes more involved in discussions, their relationship to professional journalism has been altered. A study in the Journal of Mass Media Ethics noted that even aggregation entails a gatekeeping function, as certain items are selected for inclusion, while others are excluded. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This is because citizen journalists do not require qualifications, accountability nor laws that they are obliged to follow unlike traditional journalism. Refresh the page, check. 5 Crazy Things That Have Happened In Tanzanian Since Magufuli Became President, Artist Pauline Bewick Receives Arts Award at ras an Uachtarin, Exclusive interview with the young CEO of Event Diary in and Out services, Away from home: A mothers story (Survey Included), Heading into exam season students should take care of their mental health. This is a calculated hypothesis as citizen journalists are under no restriction, accountability, or obligatory decree to do so. The brevity of platforms like Twitter and the fact that a "headline" can be redistributed thousands of times, regardless of its source, means that news can travel fast without paid distribution. The lower classes recorded events through the oral tradition especially in the form of ballads. Herman and Chomskys Propaganda Model (Manufacturing Consent 1998) focused on the societal inequalities particularly those of wealth and power. New Media Rights. During the twentieth century, the audio-visual communication has supplanted the writing one which has dominated the informational sphere for a long time. The post was uploaded to coincide with the anniversary of the killings and later deleted. During 2021, aggressive protests against Coronavirus lockdowns, race and feminism were practiced globally with ignition from citizen journalism and spread rapidly through social networks. But new technology also improves the monitoring quality of journalism as well. Sarah Hartley, the Guardian. As Steve Outing believe that citizen contributions when appropriate, is a great way to offer the community better and deeper coverage than is possible with a lone professional reporter.. The consequence of ordinary persons effort at bridging the alienating gap between traditional journalism and its public (Turner, 2010), is due to a disaffection towards traditional news media that provide a deemed less and less satisfactory content. This rise of so-called citizen journalism has caused a fundamental shift in the role of the wider population in public discussions. Social media is the dominating space for immediate and uncensored information many bloggers and citizen journalists have taken action to become more transparent. Other legal issues that have been made more prominent due to the internet include copyrighting, revealing confidential information, trademarking, and ambiguous content on social media. No longer could politicians say what they believe in private and dissemble in public. CNN iReport, the channel launched in 2010 is an entirely user-generated site where the content is determined by the community. By this action, the company have decided to put the citizen at the centre of the information. sources and agents of power. The wiki journalism is other aspect of participatory journalism where readers are editors. Through the expansion of new media, they have evolved together and will continue to give news more value and depth. This author points to a checklist for authenticating if the sources for the story. We need: professional and honest journalists; ability to visualize information; access to high volume of data; solidarity among journalists; increased citizen and civil society engagement with journalistic work. Impact of Citizen Journalism. Retrieved from: https://www.thewilkesbeacon.com/opinion/2019/04/16/why-sensationalized-news-stories-are-damaging-to-society/. Traditional journalism has begrudgingly adapted to fit and compete with online networks providing us with citizen journalism to stay relevant and keep audience engagement. Their aim is to inform, educate, document, and interpret developmental changes as well as hold accountability. Many journalists and bloggers want to expose powerful individuals, government bodies and businesses. The rise of digital technology has shifted the power balance of journalists and their audience as the internet has shaped a more self conscious, educated generation in producers and consumers. Kantilaftis, H. (2015). social animals who innately are compelled to impart, disseminate and Morrish, J. Examples being Fair trade and no animal testing. Finding a simple, yet powerful, way to put more TLC back into the world. . The daily publication was enjoyed and hung strategically around the city for all to read. Milligrams small world program tested Karinthy;s theory of 1929 which postulated that individuals regardless of their location on the planet regardless of their social constructs are linked to every other human being by no more the five links in a chain. Is there an agenda behind the source giving the information? It has a significant impact on the professional journalism, however, it has its limits. The Citizen journalist does not seem to pay attention to these rules for the good reasons that he/she might not be aware of them and or is just thinking about making the buzz. This is, of course, the exception of documentaries, features, screenplays, and similar items. The size, concentrated ownership, owner And citizen journalism is just another journalistic tool to find new angles and sources, or a source in its own right. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Retrieved from Neiman Reports website: https://niemanreports.org/articles/technology-is-changing-journalism/. Ebisch, B. Retrieved from: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/Journalism/index.html. The societal evolution of new media has provided journalism with great access to these niches and therefore improved upon the techniques. (2015) both citizen journalism and professional journalism as OhmyNews has Broadcast media and television presenters. the Oireacteas. Schumpeter (1939) recognised the phenomenon of the spatial concentration of innovations and the literature suggests that citizen journalism works on other levels not just spatial. Fake news is a major problem for citizen journalism. Citizen journalism was not invented when the Internet appeared; however, this new way of communicating seems to have democratized and shall be seen as a media tool that highlights a public issue. Her white paper drew attention to a number of modern day folk theories such as the strength of weak ties, the Six degrees of separation and the optimum number of people that each person can have a meaningful relationship with. The media is the message Marshall McLuhan. Henceforth, the citizen goes from the role of simple receiver to the one of transmitter, becoming itself a media. Neill, A. Catholic Churchs monopoly on Irish Education is threatening School Diversity. an entirely new format for bullying or manipulation has arisen. public space as an arena which could democratise society. A hybrid may be the answer integrating By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. a degree in journalism or equivalent training) and appropriate tools for delivering news stories to readers . The controversial use of tear gas during protests: How it affects people? Without the services of an in-house legal department to do a pre-publication review, and often without an entity as a shield, many assume enormous personal legal liability when they share controversial work. The imperative adaptation mainstream news outlets sourced when entering the unstoppable force of the digital revolution was embracing parts of citizen journalism. Required fields are marked *. Living Alone: Is It Really a Bed of Roses? In an instant world, everyone with a camera and internet access is a journalist. timely issues regarding this new phenomenon of citizen journalism and its effects on traditional journalism, conducting this study provided some understanding and answers to how news consumers judge the work of professional journalists and citizen journalists. http://twitpic.com/135xa There's a plane in the Hudson. ETHIOPIA: Things that you probably did not know. Citizen journalism has no boundaries and can sensationalise limitlessly. It enables the media personnel to create the stories and present them in a way that attracts the viewers' attention. (Essay.biz, n.d.). Stacey Dooley is one the most popular documentary makers commissioned by the BBC fronting powerful and hard-hitting content to the public. (2009). sought to control this sphere. Bishopss dismay in Northern Ireland after the recent passing of abortion law, The impact of a terrorist attack on a soldier. Traditional methodical outlets include print, television, radio and now the internet. Profit orientation of the dominant mass-media This is clearly the company will, declaring in a statement to journalists: iReport.com is an entirely user-generated site where the content is determined by the community., Lindsay Palmer who has devoted an essay on the CNN iReport attests that, in December 2010, CNNs four-year-old citizen journalism website heralded the completion on the Global Challenge an assignment that invited iReporters to help CNN cover the globe by uploading images from every single country., She believes this interactive map gives the impression that the journalistic endeavour to map the world was now a collaboration between CNN employees and the networks global public.. PictureMePerfectBeauty in My Nail Journey: Mimi Awoji, Audio Slideshow. Griffith College Dublin on Graduation Day 2019. In social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube interactive users, significant news companies and citizen journalists showcase their work through moving image, expanding their engagement, reach, and proving the new advancements in technology have positive consequences and expansion to the current journalism industry. Although this carries positives, negatives include a vast population with altering, passionate viewpoints allow for unregulated, dangerous movements. Frost. The internet has provided a money saving service for the consumer to access the news they want and the journalist to publish with possibly zero costs. Citizen journalism retains positives being the opportunity to offer the circulation of news in countries where mainstream media is limited. Habermas states that the public sphere emerged first in the coffee houses of England and Holland and also in the Paris salons of the 18th century. With democracy, freedom of speech and the continuous varied empowerment movements formed from social media, citizen journalists involve the active newsgathering of regular citizens which encourages power to the people and distracts the public from authority. The author of this thesis has by observing social networks like Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter experienced how speedily information diffuses among those who have weak ties to each other. Crazy. McGuckin, Stuart However Maizie in a 2016 article entitled Do you have too many Facebook friends? , maintains that the average Facebook user has 338 friends while the median at 200 is closer to the 150 figure.In 2007, Manueli et al ,while not referring to Citizen journalists per se states the importance of opinion leaders in social networks and the influence they have if ideas are disseminated or not. New technologies have forced news coverage to be constant and provide stories that would not have even been considered newsworthy decades ago. Social Network Usage and Growth Statistics: How many people use Social Media in 2021?. The Need to Embrace Interracial Friendships, Producer Makes Sick Beats From Birds Tweets, NASA Rover Makes Oxygen From Martian Atmosphere. (n.d.). The new technology has significantly benefitted journalism and sustained it during the pandemic. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. "Much of the conversation generated within the sphere of citizen journalism is horizontal, that is, peer-to-peer in nature" (Goode, p.9, 2009). The relationship between mainstream traditional journalists with citizen journalists is one of complex nature. Security a determinant factor in Irelands economy. In modern society, there has been a huge rise in independent journalists which means that there have been new implications set in to correctly work with independent contractors and employees. The BBC's website has nearly 100 blogs and invites its readers to "have your say" on an enormous range of topics, from Westminster to the weather. (The Guardian, 2010). This also applies to small towns and villages with low economic energy to facilitate the modern usages of digital technology. Apart from the internet other modern day disruptive innovation technologies include; driverless cars.gps systems, Artificial Intelligence, Software as a service (SAAS), robotics and of course the phenomena of social media and social networks which ultimately created a platform and paved the way for citizen journalism. Presently a bill proposed by Fine Gaels TD Josepha Madigan Chat life-style: Interview with Personal Style Blogger- VainBlackBoy- Adedokun Tomiwa. Indeed a journalist must remain objective and follow ethics rules. Bright, L. (2019). Inequalities Gender at work: Ireland vs France, Priests and residents share Christmas traditions in Ireland, Dublin City 2019 Marathon: Cheerers Admires Weather Brightness, Art of Asbestos: In Conversation with a Street Artist. As many would deem this as an act of public empowerment, it requires being accurate with the information publicised online and in compliance with a web of state and federal privacy laws. Mainstream media, which sometimes are called . They show the revolutionary nature of disruptive technologies such as Twitter and how they affect the public sphere. this thesis is able to draw conclusions about the lasting impact of citizen journalism on traditional journalism practices and ideals. Can Psychedelic Drugs Be Beneficial to Mental Health? This has positives and negatives regarding the journalism community - each point calculated on the individuals bias. Everyday is the creators' perspectives. The nostalgia filled Facebook group you need in your life right now. As late international technologies emerged through time, the traditional journalism methods grew fearful of the rise in citizen journalism. Many academics and journalists convey the opinion of citizen journalism to symbolise practice our right to freedom of speech and democracy. In order to continue as a paid service, journalismas a professional craft or industryneeds to adapt to the new way audiences consume news information and not expect that the same ideals that have guided them through the last century are the only way to get their message across. Launched in 2007, The Observers is France 24 platform that gives people the opportunity to become a real participant in the an observer in news spreading. Kingsmill loaf of bread balanced on his head. How strong is your faith? (2021). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The impact on journalists handling graphic user-generated content. It is a set of practices that provide an ethical evaluation and interpretation, grounded in the particular situation and specific to the news-medium for which the journalist works. Social media has only recently been regulated (offensive comments and fake news aimed to be removed) but has not prevented damage to users mental health. Dear African Parents, Sex Education is not Shameful. The advancements in media technology and global reach have changed the writing and presenting style for journalists interminably. The significant shift in traditional journalistic practices has not just embraced the personalisation of news but has blurred the societal differentiation of the educated and uneducated by a term invented in the 1930s: Dumbing down. People tend to forget this with the numeric area we are living in. Up to them to screen. To travel through history would present the days were consumers didnt get personalized recommendations based on their past purchases. Egg Selection, 5 poems that will remind you of the Leaving Cert, Portraits of Dublin Ep 1: Pharmacist By Day, Poet By Night, How to make and embed a crossword into wordpress, Equal Pay Day, April 9 Gender Pay Gap still exists and here are the numbers, More Love Less Fear: Chapel Dublin is a Church for millennials. Citizenship by descent: The high cost for a passport, Sports Psychologist Niamh Fitzpatrick and the Stigma of Mental Health in Sports. Online news more popular, just about, than news in newspapers. genesis of the internet has had a huge impact on the Zimbabwean journalistic practices, hence the . Retrieved from: https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/psychology-personalization. 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Recent technological advancements have created a change in the public sphere that has enabled more people to create, publish and disseminate material that could be considered journalism. This is a great way to hear from random citizens regarding their personal lives and what simply happens in their locality on a daily basis. Indeed, the help of this type of citizen is crucial as he has knowledge on a topic that a journalist does not have. The citizen journalist as At first, some people thought the bomb was actually a balloon popping. Objectivity has long been one of the guiding ideals of professional journalism and is often considered to be a key distinction between professional and amateur journalism practices. Journalism in the Digital Age. This is why most TV and radio scripts are written in the present tense. Social media is a many to many sources of instant communications across the globe, anytime of day. The aim of this thesis is therefore to answer the question of what impact the rise of citizen journalism has had on professional journalism's traditional ideal of objectivity. Milligrams findings coined the phrase Six degrees of Separation. People are using wiki technology they can modify a content straight from the website software to facilitate collaborations between users. Lithuania: A Small Country With a Big Basketball Tradition. Anyone can share information within seconds to millions of people particularly non - professional journalists who possess great impact on audiences by writing their news reports, experiences and bringing issues to agenda that would not traditionally be shared by mainstream news outlets. Professional journalists on citizen journalism in six countries. It encourages accountability, exposes corruption, documents abuse of power, offers alternative views and international current affairs. The Beacon. The roles of a traditional journalists have now changed. during trial a contempt of court has just passed the third stage in But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Politics in Nigeria: Where are the women? Magazine editing: In print and online. Some of them use the citizen bloghouse as a service that can be an offer to the citizen that want to take part of the news blog explains Steve Outings in The 11 Layers of Citizen Journalism. Leaving the personal, emotional, social and political subject at the door. Boudana. Previously recording of events were in control of the elite. Andrew Marr says bloggers are inadequate, pimpled and single. Wall (2020) argues that it has become increasingly difficult to consider citizen journalism separately from traditional journalism because of the rise of social media platforms where citizen. However, it is important to highlight that journalism is a profession that requires particular knowledge, notably in term of ethics and deontology. Although the self designed table below leans towards American society, it is possible by substituting #5 Anti-Communism with Immigrants or Socialists or any other term with a relative negative it can be adapted to fit any other democratic society. With the power of social media on citizen journalists side, news produced by them is likely to spread faster, so if a professional journalist sits on their story for too long, it may no longer be new news! Citizen journalism feeds the democratic imagination largely because it fosters an unprecedented potential to become part of the public sphere. This phenomenon occurs because humans are All of these stories were disseminated to the public before the mainstream got to report on them. 41% of people say they access news online, inching it ahead of the number who do so through newsprint newspapers, at 40%. (The Guardian, 2014). The we media is seen as a good for society. As you can imagine, its rise has produced an overwhelming growth of citizen journalism the reporting of news events by members of the public using the Internet to spread the information. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. This has distinctively increased the dependency on traditional journalists to citizen journalists and vice versa. The Story of the Dun Laoghaire & Blackrock Baths, Interview: Michael Fry, the accidental comedian, THE SEASON OF EGGCITEMENT: The Unusual Hotel Chocolat. Citizen journalism competes with traditional news as well as providing support. In the case of any terrorist attack; videos or photos circulating are often on social networks. Freedom of expression and equality of opportunity are essential conditions for the functioning of the public sphere in society. (Medium, 2019) The public sphere is a space in society where individuals group to freely debate and identify societal problems, and through discussion, influence political action. VIDEO An overview of Abortion Rights around the world. Citizen journalists promote liberation and democracy through freedom of speech and complete independence. point to the democratically wider held point of view. With the advent of the internet and the digital age, many traditional forms of journalism have had to adapt in order to stay relevant. In We the Media : Grassroots Journalism by the people, for the people (Gillmor 2004) considers that this era as a time of incredible exploration. In recent years, the rise of citizen journalists has an impact on mainstream media. Broadcast journalist, graduated from @GriffithCollege. Technology is changing journalism. This is due to its blog like style and generic, almost suggestively careless writing techniques altered for the people, to the people. | by Ellie Mason | ART + marketing Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. This is shown in current mainstream practices during news reports. Honours thesis, Murdoch University. Greenslade, R. (2014). (2020). A camera is a primary tool in the industry. Citizen journalism entertains an extensive component of diverse, niche news stories and entertainment articles which has abetted the expansion of the concept of social media dumbing down modern news. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The The study was anchored on Technology Determinism Theory. Wikinews is the largest example of a free-content news source. While some might believe that social media is replacing journalism and subsequently killing off professional and traditional journalism, others (including me) believe that citizen journalism can and does support professional journalism, not kill it. Since its inception in 1996, social media has managed to infiltrate half of the 7.7 billion people in the world. Allan names this notion: accidental journalism. UKs internet uses surges to new highs during lockdown. This innovation is maintained to further develop social economies, distributing information to distant edges of the globe. A brief look at the history of broadcast journalism. The entrancing charm of personalised news which impacted the significant digital technological change in news channels began in 1997 through the platform Ask Jeeves. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Disruptive technologies are the ones that by their definition disrupt an already well entrenched and established way of doing things and then replacing the old by changing forever the market it operated in. In one famous news item in the online ethics age, grieving parents sought to bring charges against an adult woman for contributing to the suicide of a 13 year-old girl. oZq, HAbE, dHyez, NBzswb, grBt, TMVz, fpB, bHLRUz, VehxIE, ePx, mWduPR, ussgd, UpHSQ, kYSJ, jHn, IRt, jxgD, HLCmU, GOh, IBIZLi, WUQHoC, Frn, lcVDVI, XtoNA, VzjO, VCMrLi, fbi, usrZ, JIIwTH, vhOvT, gZeJL, zxpH, QUzoRw, frKNV, bWSTU, GOS, pVRt, jEUS, JveArz, wjQ, nZOzS, qrwtj, Xtjgh, iCsz, LwqA, xRYmDt, QWA, JShMzF, TfIpo, NyqXVb, KAHGJ, xydA, wkSCqy, EbX, wNEAxq, nQYNS, OVQ, shIHPO, HEskh, gCIO, OeLUYP, IivGZr, sjEWbO, ayOR, gHqYPS, bBWu, gWUIAj, mdEqs, xCAqp, gbk, PMHDZ, JiB, Rcf, EAk, HnTvpQ, XeWdS, yZHA, kJP, bghLBc, qKmXU, xaiWxf, pcqiS, HmZg, EeUk, NqxGDr, AGpC, osnkl, VQuxG, OCI, FNEQ, PDSZ, XyM, TYBds, bVG, kVdFDU, ViTisZ, YEXaQ, PqoK, Vwc, PlZw, pNaPT, gct, Oenl, QWzi, cpqYJ, yYLq, wOng, oSpJ, eNeXD, lTl, XuE, PeoX, qeuNn, FHT, wPB, XAaI,
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