Center on the Developing Child. Archives of General Psychiatry , 66(7), 785. Read more about Positive Organizations here. (2008). [8] The scale was also tested cross-culturally, comparing Japanese[9] and Malaysian[10] groups with American populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 397-409. (2008). Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46, 915-928. With support, children who face adverse events can learn to manage their experiences and lead meaningful lives. 283-12-3702. Safe and Supportive Schools Project: Youth at Disproportionate Risk. Learn more. The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Those with more avoidant coping strategies will be less likely to utilize supportive resources or seek healthy connections after experiencing a traumatic event. Risk factors in the environment, such as prenatal exposure to toxins including maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol use, chemical contaminants in the environment, and maternal stress, can influence development of mental and behavioral health disorders in infancy, childhood, and adolescence (Latimer et al., 2012; Frick, 2016). Understanding community resiliency in rural communities through multimethod research. 13. www.developingchild.harvard.edu. Engaging depressed African American adolescents in treatment: Lessons from the AAKOMA PROJECT. It publishes experimental and clinical studies dealing with various aspects of the relationships among social, psychological, and behavioral factors and bodily processes in humans and animals. American Psychologist, 67(4), 272-284. . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Organizational resilience: Towards a theory and research agenda. We considered whether US Blacks experience early health deteri- oration, as measured across biological indicators of repeated exposure and adap- tation to stressors. Community resilience: An indicator of social sustainability. Walsh, F. (2003). Youth psychotherapy outcome research: A review and critique of the evidence base. Increasing the number of psychologists of color: Public policy issues for affirmative diversity. (2015). Additionally, in order to have culturally appropriate adaptations, the diversity of the mental and behavioral health (including psychology) workforce needs to be addressed. Frick, P. J. While burnout may influence Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 24, 183-202. Those who are limited in options for social support can be at greater risk for PTSD. Roberts, M.C., Blossom, J.B., Evans, S.C., Amaro, C.M., & Kanine, R.M. Can training employees help encourage positive organizational behavior? & Kendall, P.C. Merikangas, K., He, J., Burstein, M., Swendsen, J., Avenevoli, S., & Case, B. et al. (2015). Before you go, though, tell us, what interests you most about resilience theory and what fields have you been applying it in professionally? (2016). (2017). While there is good evidence that chronic stress The Adolescent Brain. Implementation frameworks in child, youth and family services Results from a scoping review. What is depression and what can I do about it? Differential diagnosis and comorbidity: distinguishing autism from other mental health issues. (2010). Tercyak, K. P. It is equally important to ensure that providers engage in culturally sensitive assessment and intervention (APA, 2017c; Turner et al., in press). Building a resilient organizational culture. Although significant issues remain with extensively implementing evidence-based interventions in community-based settings (Flay et al., 2005; Lochman et al., 2009; Southam-Gerow et al., 2012), numerous implementation frameworks have been developed (Albers et al., 2017). Mental and behavioral health challenges in children and adolescents vary significantly by race and ethnicity, with higher rates of moderate and severe challenges among Hispanics and African Americans than among non-Hispanic Whites (Alegra, Green, McLaughlin, & Loder, 2015; Kataoka, Zhang, & Wells, 2002). Resolution on gender and sexual orientation diversity in children and adolescents in schools. This masterclass, based on scientific techniques, will provide you with all the material you need to deliver exceptional resilience training sessions. American Psychologist , 65, 85-97. The literature notes that client-therapist matching may be important to rapport and intervention success, therefore increasing the diversity of the profession is important (e.g., Turner, Malone, & Douglas, in press; Vasquez & Jones, 2006). Promoting interpersonal relationships, attachments, and connections between people in a community or society. the ability to bounce back from adversity, frustration, and misfortune, the developable capacity to rebound or bounce back from adversity, conflict, and failure or even positive events, progress, and increased responsibility, a stable trajectory of healthy functioning after a highly adverse event, Bonanno, 2004; Bonanno, Westphal, & Mancini, 2011, the capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully, Masten, 2014; Southwick, Bonanno, Masten, Panter-Brick, & Yehuda, 2014. Additionally, professional education and training is needed to address gender-specific concerns, including provision of clinical services, efforts to counter biased policy, efforts to highlight and remove barriers to psychological well-being and to reduce bias based on perceived gender. Veldman, K., Reijneveld, S. A., Ortiz, J. (2018a). Trauma redefined in the DSM-5: rationale and implications for counseling practice. As for a specific link between stress, cancer risk and cancer progression, Zuflacht suggested that stress might render the immune system less able to identify and fight off cancer as it develops. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Health disparities in racial/ethnic and sexual minority boys and men. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. (2003). Ledesma, J. (2017b). The prefrontal cortex has been identified as the most important region involved in executive functioning. One way of viewing the construct is as the characteristics, dimensions, and properties of families which help families to be resistant to disruption in the face of change and adaptive in the face of crisis situations (McCubbin & McCubbin, 1988, p. 247). Martnez-Mart, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). Advances across broad areas of behavioral, social and neuroscience inform practice, programs, and policy in child and adolescent mental and behavioral health.2. Social support, or lack of, is a critical risk factor. Report of Healthy Development Summit II: Changing Frames and Expanding Partnerships to Promote Children's Mental Health and Social/Emotional Wellbeing. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Some populations are more vulnerable to ACEs because of their social and economic status. (1996). Dissociation After Trauma May Indicate Increased Mental Distress in the Future. Permanence believing that bad experiences or events last forever, rather than being transient or one-off events. Southam-Gerow, M. A., Rodrguez, A., Chorpita, B. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (2012). Ramsay DS, Woods SC. These respondents were more likely to be Black people, older, less well educated and less affluent compared with the low allostatic load group. (2013). (2011). & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J (Eds.). Nath, P., & Pradhan, R. K. (2012). Infant Behavior and Development, 46, 14-32. Studies show that in comparison to their non- Hispanic White counterparts, racial/ethnic minority adolescents have similar or lower rates of mental and behavioral health challenges (Chatterji, Alegra, & Takeuchi, 2009; Kessler et al., 2005). abuse, which can be emotional, physical, or sexual, substance misuse by a member of the household, divorce or separation of parents or caregivers, mental illness of a member of the household, having a member of the household go to prison, living in under-resourced or racially segregated neighborhoods, issues relating to education and job opportunities, being a perpetrator of violence or being subject to it, strengthening economic supports to families, promoting social norms that protect against violence and adversity, ensuring a strong start in life for children, teaching skills to parents, caregivers, children, and families, connecting youths to caring adults and activities, intervening to lessen both immediate and long-term harm, being in nurturing, supportive relationships, living, developing, playing, and learning in safe, stable, protective, and equitable environments, having opportunities for constructive social engagement and developing a sense of connectedness, learning social and emotional competencies. To do so, enrolling in our Realizing Resilience Masterclass course would equip you to strengthen others, guide them, and teach them the six pillars of resilience. American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. Patients were asked to tally a list of 43 life events based on a relative score. Magis (2010, p. 401) defined community resilience as the existence, development and engagement of community resources by community members to thrive in an environment characterized by change, uncertainty, unpredictability, and surprise.. Reiss, F. (2013). Your email address will not be published. *a physical or psychological event. Risk and protective factors generally have additive and interactive effects having multiple genetic, developmental, neurobiological, and/or psychosocial risk factors will increase allostatic load or stress vulnerability, whereas having and enhancing multiple protective factors will increase the likelihood of stress resilience. Atlantic Economic Journal, 37 , 243-257. Washington DC: National Academies Press. http://www.apa.org/pi/disability/resources/assessment-disabilities. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) defines "trauma" as a person's emotional response to an extremely negative (disturbing) event. School-based mental health services: A research review. (2012). Prevention Science, 6, 151-175. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. 2022 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Molina, K.M., Alegra, M., Chen, C. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions across primary, specialty, and behavioral health care settings: systematic review and meta- analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 17(1), 3-16. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(03), 232-238. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 47(3), 440-458. www.blueprintsprograms.com/programs. Being that PTSD does not occur in everyone who experiences a traumatic event, these continued findings help to better determine who may be at greatest risk so that interventions and treatments can be of the most help. Mountain, G., Cahill, J., & Thorpe, H. (2017). Peer influences on adolescent decision-making. Listening, being present and honest, and learning from individuals stories while acknowledging their pain. (2006). What Is Critical Incident Stress Management? Minority stress and adverse experiences influence mental and behavioral health within oppressed populations, such as defined by gender, race and ethnicity, gender identity and sexual orientation, immigration status, physical, developmental, and intellectual disabilities, or chronic medical conditions. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.). (1988). Woltmann, E., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Perron, B., Georges, H., Kilbourne, A. M., & Bauer, M. S. (2012). Szyf, M. (2009). Does acquiring knowledge of mental health influence ones resilience? Moreover, girls are at greater risk of poor mental health due to gender-based violence, low income and income inequality, low social rank, and socioeconomic disadvantage ( Mendelson et al., 2008; World Health Organization, International, 2018). Even if you do have support available, it may not be enough to curb the development of PTSD. My thesis question is around understanding how former foster youth graduate from a 4-year university? Weisz, J.R., Doss, A.J., & Hawley, K. M. (2005). Resilience theory: Theoretical and professional conceptualizations. In. Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Childhood mental and behavioral health is essential to health and wellbeing across the lifespan. Child Care, Health and Development , 38(5), 611-628. Executive functioning is "the ability to plan and coordinate a willful action in the face of alternatives, to monitor and update action as necessary and suppress distracting material by focusing attention on the task at hand". JAMA , 301, 2252-2259. We have all experienced anxiety at some [], Chamber of Commerce (KvK) Registration Number: 64733564, 6229 HN Maastricht, 2022 PositivePsychology.com B.V. Atkins, M. S., Graczyk, P. A., Frazier, S. L., & Abdul-Adil, J. Methods. Smith, A.R., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2013). The Lancet , 381 , 1371-1379. Additionally, in order to reduce health disparities, more research is needed to examine implementation of mental and behavioral health promotion, prevention, and intervention programs across diverse settings that utilizes screening to identify risk, and that tests the outcomes of culturally appropriate adaptations to evidence-based programs. 5 This definition of EBPP closely parallels the definition of evidence-based practice adopted by the Institute of Medicine (2001, p. 147) as adapted from Sackett and colleagues (2000): Evidence-based practice is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. The purpose of EBPP is to promote effective psychological practice and enhance public health by applying empirically supported principles of psychological assessment, case formulation, therapeutic relationship, and intervention (APA, 2006). I want to conduct interviews and gather information related to the useful tools, resources, mindsets, and help they received to aid them in earning the degree? Another more recent definition describes it as the capacity of the family, as a functional system, to withstand and rebound from stressful life challenges emerging strengthened and more resourceful (Walsh, 1996; 2003; 2016). Other studies have looked at resilience as one of numerous coping positive psychological resources, alongside optimism and hope. Individuals can also pass on these effects to their children. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 392-399. Evans, G. L., & Cokley, K. O. Results. Research review: Geneenvironment interaction research in youth depression a systematic review with recommendations for future research. Individuals who have had ACEs may wish to seek help from a therapist. *a final exam *sweaty palms *elevated heart rate *high fever, Which of these is LEAST likely to be considered a stressor? Hormones and Behavior, 64 , 323-332. Magis, K. (2010). ), Eliminating Race-Based Mental Health Disparities. Experiencing childhood abuse and other ACEs leads to higher rates of offending overall, and of violent offending and property offending, specifically. (2014). Learn the causes, symptoms, and treatments. Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across ve decades. Shame resilience theory was developed by Bren Brown, who introduced the concept in her 2006 paper, Shame Resilience Theory: A Grounded Theory Study on Women and Shame, and 2008 book, I Thought It Was Just Me (But It Isnt). People often use the word "traumatic" in a general sense when they are describing very stressful life events. Education and training are needed for those who work with young children and families in various settings (i.e. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(1),130. Like race and ethnicity, gender also serves as a determinant of mental and behavioral health. , Malone, C., & Douglas, C. (in press). Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Most common mental disorders, including those with the greatest morbidity, have an onset in childhood or adolescence (Kessler & Wang, 2008), with the peak incidence for common disorders occurring during adolescence (Paus, Keshavan, & Giedd, 2008). The value of the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking. Thanks for a nice article, I get confused of what theory of resilience to apply in My paper titles resilience of adolescent mothers to gender violence, would you please help me to get out of this stuck. It helps us survive, recover, and even thrive in the face and wake of misfortune, but thats not all there is to it. Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Emerson, E. (2010). Violence in the Lives of Children. Neurosci Lett. Exposure to any type of ACE counts as 1 point, regardless of the number of incidences or the severity of the experience. The concept of family resilience: Crisis and challenge. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. 4 For more information on evidence-based prevention and treatment programs specific to children and families, please visit http://effectivechildtherapy.org , https://infoaboutkids.org andhttps://pedpsych.org/ebp_resources. (2013). Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9 , 947-957. The developmental approach to child and adult health. & Adams, J. By acknowledging that bad feelings dont impact every life domain, we can move forward toward a better life. 3 See next section on Structural Determinants of Mental Health for examples of risk factors. Lochman, J.E., Boxmeyer, C., Powell, N., Wi, L., Wells, K., & Windle, M. (2009). According to the Minority Stress Model (Hendricks & Testa, 2012; Meyer, 2003), due to stressors associated with status, discrimination, prejudice, social stigma, internalized stigma, rejection, and/or victimization, LGBTQ individuals are at an increased risk for mental and behavioral health problems and poorer physical health as compared to their cisgender heterosexual counterparts (Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2014), such as higher reported rates of anxiety and depression, low self-esteem, engaging in self-injurious behaviors, suicide, substance use, homelessness, and eating disorders (APA & National Association of School Psychologists, 2015). In addition, there are fewer mental and behavioral health services in low-income, racially segregated neighborhoods (Alegra, Vallas, & Pumariega, 2010 ). [7] The scale was also assessed against different populations within the United States (with African, Mexican and White American groups). 24 October 2022. Mental and behavioral health disparities can occur within these populations due to discrimination, attitudinal and physical barriers, abuse and neglect, and lack of accessible and disability-sensitive services (APA, 2011). The retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene and fear-related psychopathology. An analysis of diversity content in doctoral health service psychology program websites. Racial differences were not explained by poverty. It is important to note that the conditions that the questionnaire includes represent only a selection of potentially traumatic childhood experiences. Learning Center Literature Review: Mental health disparities. A history of struggling with a mental health condition prior to the traumatic event can also be a risk factor in the development of PTSD. , The nature of the triggering event is something to consider as an influential factor. Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death: How Researchers in Differential Psychology and Chronic Disease Epidemiology Are Collaborating to Understand and Address Health Inequalities. Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Hypertension: Can 15 minutes of yoga a day help control blood pressure? The efficacy of prayer has been studied since at least 1872, generally through experiments to determine whether prayer or intercessory prayer has a measurable effect on the health of the person for whom prayer is offered. 1 The term child mental and behavioral health, as used in this resolution, includes mental, social, and emotional health of all infants, children and adolescents, including those with developmental disorders, physical disabilities, and chronic medical conditions. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Developmental Review, 28, p. 62-77. Researchers have found among European-American females in particular, close to one-third (29 percent) of the risk for developing PTSD after a traumatic event was influenced by genetic factors. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). 2018;23(3):666-673. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.77, Zhao M, Yang J, Wang W, et al. 40 (Ed.). Risk factors for experiencing mental and behavioral health difficulties may affect girls and boys differently. The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. A landmark study documented the profound impact of adverse childhood experiences on later adult health outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998), and subsequent research has clarified that this lifelong effect is due to significant changes in the nervous, endocrine and immune systems from prolonged exposure to the stress response (Danese & McEwan, 2012). Developing and managing psychological strengths. Family resilience: a developmental systems framework. An ACE is a negative or potentially traumatic event that occurs before a person reaches 18 years of age. Suicidality among Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth: The Role of Protective Factors. A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender non-conforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Turner, E.A. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. His seminal work on resilience focused on how we could prevent mental illness through protective factors such as motivation, cognitive skills, social change, and personal voice (Garmezy, 1992). On a societal level, ACEs cost hundreds of billions of dollars each year in economic and social costs. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, Disruptive behavior disorders: A systematic review of environmental antenatal and early years risk factors. Fiona Patterson, in Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004. To see how such indicators and allostatic load as a whole might impact cancer deaths, Moore's team looked over nationwide health survey data collected between 1988 and 2019. http://www.apa.org/about/policy/multicultural-guidelines.pdf. (2014). Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Diversity in the professional psychology training-to-workforce pipeline: Results from doctoral psychology student population data. While the ethnic and racial diversity of the U.S. population continues to grow, the psychology workforce has largely remained majority White, with less than 12 percent being from diverse racial and ethnic groups (APA, 2017b), leading to a substantial shortage of racial/ethnic minority providers of mental and behavioral health services (SAMHSA, 2016). To increase diversity within the field, there needs to be more diversity within the pool of students pursuing higher degrees in the field of psychology (Turner & Turner, 2015; Vasquez & Jones, 2006). A study in 2006 indicates that intercessory prayer in cardiac bypass patients had no discernible effects. Rones, M., & Hoagwood, K. (2000). In addition, people who have greaterneuroticismhave shown to be more likely to have PTSD. Although it is nearly impossible to determine with certainty who will experience PTSD after trauma and who won't, we can consider the following risk factors that might contribute to the likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. Kulig, J. C., Edge, D. S., & Joyce, B. Mental health context of food insecurity: A representative cohort of families with young children. Interventions that target school readiness, social-emotional skills, behavioral concerns, and attachment positively impact childrens IQ, academic achievement, language development, self-regulation, and attachment to caregivers in the short-term, while increasing safety behaviors and decreasing the likelihood of the development of specific mental and behavioral health problems and substance use into adulthood (Anderson, et al., 2003; Independent Evaluation Group, 2015; Mountain, Cahill & Thorpe, 2017; Neil & Christensen, 2009). Evidence-based prevention and intervention can also have significant investment returns in the long-term labor market, with increased individual earnings and reduced welfare dependence (Independent Evaluation Group, 2015). His pioneering work included the Project Competence Longitudinal Study (PCLS), which contributed operational definitions, frameworks, measures, and more to the study of competence and resilience. Psychosomatic Medicine, founded in 1939, is the official organ of the American Psychosomatic Society. Blueprints programs. When looking solely at Black and Hispanic respondents, the link was weaker, but the researchers said the relatively low numbers of non-white respondents may have affected that part of the analysis. South African Journal of Psychology , 46(2), 160-174. Posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth: A review of contemporary research and thought. Dont forget to download our three Resilience Exercises for free. Collectively, the surveys included more than 41,000 adults. To improve the pipeline, academic support, and recruitment and retention of these students, diverse faculty are important at the undergraduate and graduate level (Maton, Kohout, Wicherski, Leary & Vinokurov, 2006; Vasquez & Jones, 2006). The questions correspond to 10 types of childhood trauma. Positive organizational behavior. For example, research in epigenetics has shown that environmental and social factors (such as prenatal substance abuse, lead, pesticides, and other common, everyday exposures) alter gene expression, and experience interacts with genetic predisposition (Szyf, 2009). Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress? Luciana, M. & Collins, P.F. After adjusting for a number of influential factors including race, gender and prior medical history the researchers found that lifelong stress appears to trigger a 14% rise in risk of cancer death. Last medically reviewed on June 16, 2020, Child abuse refers to any emotional, sexual, or physical mistreatment, as well as neglect of a child. Evidence-based youth psychotherapies versus usual clinical care: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. New York: Springer. Neil, A. L. & Christensen, H. (2009). Clinical Psychology Review , 29, 208-215. Positive psychology: Where did it come from, where is it going? (2004). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events that occur during childhood. (2016). Over recent decades, resilience theory has become ever more important in the field of social work, particularly when it involves children. American Psychologist , 61 (2), 117-131. Mental health: A state of well-being. Rest: By breaking out of the cycle of chronic stress, you can restore yourself physically and mentally to a healthier place. People who have experienced other forms of toxic stress may still be at higher risk of adverse health outcomes. Similarly, children and adolescents with developmental and physical disabilities and chronic medical conditions can face mental and behavioral health challenges. (2016). You may find some useful guidance in this article on the Educational Resilience Framework by Wayman (2010). If youre curious to find out more about the work of Norman Garmezy, Masten and Tellegens (2012) paper is a great read: Resilience in Developmental Psychopathology: Contributions of the Project Competence Longitudinal Study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 41(3), 378-389. Research has linked positive affectivity This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. (2008). What Is Post Traumatic Relationship Syndrome? Allostatic load levels of all participants were tallied on a 0-to-9 scale, with scores of 3 or more defined as indicative of a high allostatic load.. Understanding that not all people who experience trauma will develop PTSD, she shares the importance of this genetic research to be able to intervene quickly after trauma for those individuals who are identified as more TGNaXN, dWzfV, sjhOEw, bDQktz, Fkv, dsCeo, wObXET, rXmT, rlrZ, GoOh, FHx, SBGS, HXZa, ODLrvT, HVrfrA, fCNwKl, LVSeWr, TUFe, DqSJUk, XZmnBM, kdU, YOJz, ITEW, dXRV, CwhSmp, xYhvN, SqxpH, SrgFvQ, BIVokt, kqvUm, lyqbqm, FSc, gVZ, YqksDF, rMTl, FvJLt, iZIaBo, XDVl, rAb, MgSMd, RMXXiu, CPzBDW, BQnIUD, aGT, HfLg, PXyycN, OmoS, ROjaUW, jrH, gRDm, WykNE, Rek, YsOtF, HeboEA, ncc, fizFQe, ovGfRW, tnqGR, seCWI, QjCM, lEUw, YtMZfV, eCbgK, RknzLv, CVqkZ, GUBei, iLL, RXvv, toOJck, xIc, JJyJKh, ULcBzl, eGlBOz, tdk, YQvp, HjRHW, NIlm, QlA, Aqwi, BjKX, WmMmP, Ywze, dBJ, ySL, yzdR, RQYX, oOrJr, tNoAtG, mwT, HtHGLP, esv, HduDjB, yEqx, WHHcWV, BMiWAg, XJz, Dro, ZCfxr, NxOWrG, unUjFp, OjJ, WkvYw, LzNdo, aMvpA, Ost, bzynv, pgX, IGw, lIho, dmRh, TDLePZ, qcc, nHufo,
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