The major characteristics ijllalw.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 10 Citations Citation Type More Filters The grammar and vocabulary that the students learn follow from the functions, situational context and the role of the interlocutors. What are the classroom activities of communicative language teaching? Strategic competence refers to the coping strategies that communicators employ to initiate, terminate, maintain, repair, and re-direct communication. (Littlewood, 2003.86). It is essential for them as they work with language at the discourse or super sentential (above sentence) level. Practice of language patterns or elements. If you learn to show respect to your teachers, you should teach that to your friend so that they will know to show respect. Facial Expressions. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device.We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development.An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Hkk Linguistic competence plus an understanding of proper use of language in various contexts. You think you know what angry, sad, and happy look like on someones face. The main goal of communication is the successful transmission of information, not the achievement of grammatical correctness. According to H. G. Widdowson, communicative abilities are those skills in which the system is realized as use. Course It is vital and imperative both for teachers and learners, living as they do in a globalized world, to adopt and maintain the effective methods of language teaching/learning offered by CLT. English within a given framework. The dialogue of cultures, in its broadest sense, occurs all the time. In CLT classrooms, the teachers need to create activities that would necessitate learners to practice well in the target language. Of course to reach this competence, both listening and speaking improvement is really needed. Many classroom teachers are unfamiliar with the new English Language Development (ELD) Standards. There should be connectivity among all the language skills such as listening, speaking, reading and writing together since they are regularly used in real life. Learners interact with other people through pair and group work. What is the number 1 honeymoon destination, Can prepaid cards be used for subscriptions, How do i create a virtual ip address in windows. Hence the prime need of the learners is not to know the theoretical knowledge of English but to have an ability to understand and be understood in that language. Of all these roles, Nunan and Lamb suggest that it is the teacher as organizer that is the most important and difficult from the perspective of classroom management. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()), document.getElementById("ak_js_2").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()). Communicative language teaching emerged in the 1980s as a response to the growing demand for a language curriculum that would enable learners to use the second language in real-life situations. The students are encouraged to rely on their own ingenuity and performance skills namely their strategic competence when speaking. Higher-level speakers should be having unpredictable conversations in the TL, where neither the questions nor the answers are scripted or expected. It starts with a historical background of CLT, followed by the theoretical background. Manage SettingsContinue with Recommended Cookies. With the, Abstract : Although the importancee of teaching and learning English has been widely recognized, many still do not know the best way to optimize the students ability in EFL learning. The teacher may go on teach, but if the learner is not making any effort, then there is no point of teaching. Evaluation: As a professor, a teacher answers the questions of the students and also care about their performance and activities. It gives the importance of the necessity of the learners and attempts to explain it. (Savignan cited in Magngubhai 2004, 292). It is neither possible always nor appropriate to apply one and the same methodology to all learners whose objectives, environments and learning needs are varied and different. In her 2012 article titled New talk about ELL students, researcher Stacy Lee mentions two successful schools in the Internationals Network which have achieved graduation rates near ninety percent using the networks bilingual education approach (Lee 2012, 67). The target language is a vehicle for classroom communication, not just the object of study. The significant characteristics of communicative language teaching are given below: CLT emphasizes to engage the learners in real-life situations in the classroom so that they can understand how to communicate in the real world. CLT usually appreciates the learners to engage in linguistic interaction with real-life objectives. According to Hedge (2000.63), a communicative classroom involves the teacher in setting up activities, organizing material resources, guiding students in group works, engaging contributions, monitoring activities, and diagnosing the further needs of students.. What are the main components of communication process? The learners have to create some groups among themselves for their learning purpose and taking care of how they are able to perform in the classroom. The teaching methods must be learner-centred. From the point of view of the speaker this means that s/he must choose the ideas which s/he wants to express with appropriate linguistic forms. Normally CLT focuses on the fluency of the learners rather than the accuracy of the grammar and learners acquire their accuracy gradually and naturally. People from different cultures interpret similar and dissimilar views from other cultures. Nanik Nurwani. Characteristics of Communicative Language Teaching. This article. Sometimes the teacher plays the role of a guide in the classroom activities. For many decades Grammar translation method was used in 19th century and Textbooks primarily consisted of lists of vocabulary and rule explanations but Its problems for oral proficiency led to several counter and parallel movements that laid the foundation for the development of new ways of teaching, as we still know them today (Richards and Rodgers 2001). Students Name It enhances the productivity of the language in scientific ways. In this way communicative competence includes both grammatical knowledge and the ability to use this knowledge to perform different kinds of functions like enquiring, suggesting, greeting, denying, advising, reporting, apologizing, inviting and promising. Copyright 2022 IPL.org All rights reserved. The learners should involve in interaction and conversation with the teacher and other learners in the classroom. In CLT classroom teachers play a vital role in teaching/learning process of English. Authentic language in real context should be introduced in the classroom whenever possible. Language is an inevitable phenomenon which permeates the human life. CLT is deployed to develop communicative proficiency, and it has some primary objectives to improve communication skills. edTPA, a high-stakes assessment used in many states to make licensure or certification decisions, purports to measure those content-specific outcomes. There is no clear dividing line in reality between these different categories and subcategories; they represent differences of emphasis and orientation rather than distinct divisions. It simply means when the language is used for communication, the language forms are used for a process of communication. So, here a learner understands and then acts. The communicative approach in teaching English comes from the view that a language is successfully learned when learners have to communicate real meaning. Principles of The Communicative. However, the communication fluency with the English Language brings challenges throughout their academic achievements. Ashraf Hosseini Breshneh Mohammad Javad Riasati, Due to the great potential communicative competence has played in the emergence of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approaches and shaping of well-informed language pedagogies, it has remained a concept that arouses researchers curiosity. What are the types of communication and communicative activities? The students must have to cooperate and support each other in the group to complete their all tasks assigned by the responsible teacher. Cipline and tom: of the, School are the factors that influence the social. Long 1985: 89 in Nunan 1989: 5 states that a task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward. On the other hand communicative competence has been defined in various ways. Apr 13, 2021 - Communicative language teaching is one of the best and popular methods of learning a second language throughout the 20th century. Knowledge which is additional to linguistic competence. So it is understandable that CLT has changed a lot of things in the field of language teaching. The establishment of basic principles of CLT was a reaction in opposition to the previously prevailing language teaching methods. Thus, a crucial feature of a communicative method is that it operates with stretches of language above the sentence level, and operates with real language in real situations. Therefore, a important characteristic of a communicative method is that it operates with stretches of linguistic communication above the sentence degree, and operates with existent linguistic communication in existent state of affairss. A synthetic procedure would involve students in learning forms individually and then practicing how to combine them; an analytic procedure would introduce complete interactions of texts and focus for learning purposes on the way these are constructed. The communicative approach does prioritize expression over grammar. This process is implicit in the above two processes. What is needed is the ability to deal with strings of sentences and ideas and in the oral modes processed in real life situations. Communicative Language Teaching is a learner- centered approach in which the learners are given importance. Instead, in order to maximise students' opportunities to talk, pair and group work are often used. The ELLs are at a disadvantage, This means that, in America, ELL students take an enormous role on public schools as this population is increasing. According to Richards (n.d) CLT created a great deal of enthusiasm and excitement when, first appeared as a new approach to language teaching in the 1970s and 1980s. The objectives of the research are to measure the level of oral proficiency of the learners in the English program and to understand those teaching practices that motivate students to participate and improve their oral skills. Language learning is learning to communicate using the target language.The language used to communicate must be appropriate to the situation, the roles of the speakers, the setting and the register. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. This study aimed to determine the role of communicative language teaching in enhancing pedagogical practices of the English Language teachers of one ASEAN Premier State University in the Philippines. According to Littlewood, communicative competence means, 'a degree of mastery of a very considerable range of linguistic and social skills which depend in part on the learners' sensitivity to meaning and appropriacy in language and on his/her ability to develop effective strategies for communicating in the second language.' (Littlewood, 1981.87) The purpose of the communication is to bridge this information gap. Hence, the present research study is undertaken to bridge this gap by finding ways and means to know the difficulties of teachers and learners and develop a methodology that will enable them to improve the standards of teaching/learning process of English at school level. What is characteristics of communication? Communicative Language Teaching is generally regarded as an approach because the principles underlying it can be applied in many different way. By teaching language, learner should be able to make out speakers or writers intention. Professors Name The teacher must involve the learner and must be judged in terms of its effects on him/her. Richards Rodgers (2001) also describes the roles of the teacher as: needs analyst, counselor, and group process manager. Quasi- Communicative activities: Focus is on one or more typical conversation exchanges. Interestingly, this rule may take to processs which are themselves either man-made or analytic. Teachers motivate the students so that they can easily interact with them. Social interaction activities comprise exchange of words, converse with others, improvisations and debates. They also encourage learners to join various activities. CLT is considered one of the best methods for use in the second language classroom for several reasons: One, it gives confidence to the students to learn the second language and use it as and when required. Three, the learners are given the realistic idea of language and are provided with a sense of what is appropriate and right in a given culture. Discourse Community Ethnography 21/10/2017 Characteristics Of Communicative Language Teaching English Language Essay 4/13 (Widdowson, 1978. There are three such processes . The research work during July 2008 to March 2011 was done as per the steps shown in the following flowchart. If the teacher corrects each and everything at every level, the learners may lose their confidence of using the language for communication. At times you might need a bit of a push to help you, but as long as you keep trying success is with you. CLT uses and teaches as it is used in every day real life. This is an activity that should be used primarily in the lower levels of language classes, because it will be most beneficial to lower-level speakers. Sociolinguistic competence refers to an understanding of the social context in which communication takes place, including role-relationships, the shared information of the participants and the communicative purpose for their interaction. In the late 60s, the British linguists analyzed the importance of communicative language teaching rather than grammatical, lexical, and phonological rules. Focus on the appropriate selection of utterances for communication. The language teaching methods in the past were based on linguistic competence. it can be concluded that communicative tasks have an important purpose that is to stimulate the real communication in the target language. Communicative Approach, like another language teaching method, has some characteristics which can distinguish it from others. why is he/she learning a particular lesson or any linguistic item. Characteristics_and_Principles_of_Communicative_Language_Teaching - View presentation slides online. The following chart shows the difference between pre-communicative and communicative activities. The Characteristics of Indonesia Language Learning in Religious-based School (Site Study at MTs Negeri Gemolong, Sragen). The Aural-Oral approach is very effective to be implemented in English Language Teaching in case to build communicative competence of student. Mxico DF, 03810, Ubicado en la Colonia del Valle, a 2 cuadras de WTC. in contrast to the communicative instructional design features that highlight teacher function as a learning catalyst, the findings in this study indicate that reading tasks in the form five efl. Although our district mandates 45 minutes of ELD instruction many teachers do not know the difference between Designated. These opinions about communicative abilities suggest that these are the abilities which involve linguistic as well as other skills essential for conversation, communication or discourse to take place. The third industrial revolution made our life easy and super fast, and we currently live in a period of globalization. The ability to communicate appropriately with a wide variety of people whilst maintaining good eye contact, demonstrate a varied vocabulary and tailor your language to your audience, listen effectively, present your ideas appropriately, write clearly and concisely and work well in a group all require good communication skills. Therefore, care shouldbe taken for their proper arrangement and control. In other words it cannot easily be analyzed into component features without its nature being destroyed in the process. The purpose of the present study is to closely examine Communicative Language teaching (CLT) and its major characteristics and principles. Thats why teachers and researchers have been searching for the best ways of teaching a second or foreign language. Characteristic of the learners. The communicative approach focuses on the use of language in everyday situations, or the functional aspects of language, and less on the formal structures. There are various types of exercises and activities in communicative approach which help students to achieve the communicative competence, and engage learners in communication (Richards, 2001). Learners/Teachers Role in Communicative Language Teaching. In classroom situation pair work undertaken to complete an incomplete picture is the best example of transferring information as each member of the pair has a part of total information and attempts to convey it verbally to the other. Here, teachers prepare learners about the varied social contexts in which they will need to perform outside the classroom using different social interaction activities. Hence, attention should be given to teaching language for communication. Examples: drilling, question answers, sentence patterns, etc. Magistrate Program of, Dada la relevancia de la utilizacin de un enfoque integrado (comunicativo) de enseanza de las habilidades lingsticas para el logro de un buen nivel de dominio del idioma en cursos de ingls para. Response from ESL students shows that though ESL sometimes generate negative labelling on children, thus affect their school life and daily life. The perspective is, View 9 excerpts, references background and methods, Recent articles in the ELT Journal offer interesting debates on CLT. William Littlewood notes that "One of the most characteristic features of communicative language teaching is that it pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language, combining these . It focuses on the use of techniques which encourage the learners in participating in the natural environment, for instance, group and pair work etc. Language plays a vital role in global communication, especially the English language. These activities are helpful for the teachers to broaden their repertoire of techniques and activities so as to enable the learners to communicate more effectively in foreign language. Practice of total skill of communication. 1.2 The Beginning of CLT and its characteristics. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Zellsis Valorant Settings 2022: Mouse, Keybinds Stewie2k Valorant Settings: Crosshair, Mouse How To Use Snapchat Filters On TikTok? CLT also believes that communication is the fundamental objectives of language and the learners need to develop all the skills of language (. Language has been viewed differently at different times by Linguists and Applied Linguists. The processes are as important as the forms, A method which aims at developing the capacity of the learners to communicate in a second language will focus at repeating continuously until they are able to communicate well in a target language. Communicative competence refers to the level of language learning that enables language users to convey their message to others and to understand others' messages within specific context (Hymes, 1972). All these factors significantly influence the teaching-learning communication. Characteristics of Communicative Language Teaching . In line with this, Hedge (2000.67) states that, teachers need to build competence and confidence in fulfilling these various roles and in-service training is necessary within institutions to ensure that, in any moves towards implementing communicative approaches in the classroom, teachers are properly supported. From the beginning of CLT in the early 1970s, its proponents have developed a very wide range of variants that were only related to each other. Interaction between teacher and students should be applicable. The dissatisfaction toward graduate, ABSTRACT The social contexts of the communicative situations are essential for giving meaning to the utterances. Numerous methods have come and gone. Function is to prepare the learner for later communication. According to Littlewood, the communicative activities can be represented diagrammatically as follows. Reading and writing may start on the first day. It suggets a focus on all of the components grammatical, discourse, functional, sociolinguistic, and strategic of communicative components. Lee fails to mention, however, Crotona International High School and Oakland, Even with those demographics, ELs are still an underserved part of our student population. This paper explores the relation between dissimilar cultural backgrounds and communication competence. Two, CLT draws attention to the importance of socio cultural skills. It starts with a historical background of CLT, followed by the theoretical background. Communicative language teaching is one of the best and popular methods of learning a second language throughout the 20th century. It is the language used for day-today communication or functional purpose. Hence, learning a language also implies learning a culture as well. Students practice using English instead of solely studying it. Assessing ELLs is important because the assessments tell teachers how to make instructional decisions, and how much the child knows and can do (Lenski. Only by practicing, acting, actually doing, the learners can learn to communicate. Basic Features of CLT David Nunan (1991:279) lists five basic characteristics of Communicative Language Teaching: (1) An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. Teachers remain in the classroom as a facilitator to be done the communication process among all the participants. Since the main aim of the present research is to investigate teachers and students difficulties in teaching/learning process of English language, and support the teachers with an in-service training programme by using Communicative Approach which is essential in an ESL (English as a second language) environment, it is noteworthy to furnish the role and relevance of CLT concepts in the present study. Some of the objectives of communicative language teaching are given below: Communicative language teaching is a learner-centered method that mainly focuses on learning the language through communication. Even though it is complicated for students growing up with a second language, they still learn to be literate and fluent with their reading and writing. Discourse competence refers to the interpretation of individual message elements in terms of their inter-connectedness and of how meaning is represented in relationship to the entire discourse or text. Johnson and K. Marlow say that communicative competence is the ability to be appropriate, to know the right thing to say at the right time. (Johnson and Morrow, 1981.2), It is revealed from the above definitions that communicative competence is . In this context, it is necessary to consider the lag between the aspiration for better prospects in life and the existing situation of teaching/learning of English language in schools especially the municipal corporation schools. Scrabble Word Game: A Fun Way To Help Kids Learn English, 7 Actionable Tips to Avoid Plagiarism in Your Work, 20 Useful Examples of Collective Nouns with Sentences, Characteristics of Communicative Language Teaching, Classroom activities in Communicative Language Teaching, CLT improves communicative proficiency of all the skills including. In this paper I first look at the main characteristics of CLT to find out the roots and features of communicative language teaching and then I will conclude the paper by outlining the main principles of principled communicative approach(Zoltn Drnyei, 2009). Theses. There is a significant amount of evidence that established approaches, Discovering the methodology that suits your students best is the most important element in the process of teaching especially when it comes to teaching English as a foreign language. Difference between pre-communicative and communicative activities. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The result is that for many language educators here is still a core clement about which they have to be especially careful grammatical competence. However, the teachers roles in CLT is given below: Students also need to play some roles in CLT. The learner needs to differentiate between a formal and an informal style. Over-emphasis on grammatical correctness and fear of making grammatical mistakes has negative effects on students. And everyone who wants to learn a new language can acquire a new, The ELL population is rapidly growing, and it is important that teachers are equipped and ready to teach and assess these ELLs. Kids who took the test representing some 800,000 Americans demonstrated below basic. Function is to make the learner to actually communicate. What is the primary goal of communicative language teaching? 18. a. It is now widely accepted that education must be ultimately learner-centred more than the teacher-centered. Pre-communicative (non-communicative) activities. The teacher also plays the role of a communicator in the learning process. Proper situations should be created by the teacher so as to promote communication in the classroom. Students should be engaged in several activities so that they can be able to generate new ideas. Role and Relevance of CLT Concepts in Present Research. But, their journey is not taken alone since there are about 5 million English language learners in the United State. Date Over the past two decades communicative language teaching (CLT) has become a special important area of knowledge in language teaching methodology, but the extent to which the term covers a well-defined and uniform teaching method is highly questionable. The ability to use language appropriately in a given social context. 156 The real story of English language teaching in Syrian high schools and the bumpy transition into the university level Batoul Khoja and Debasish Mohapatra Tezpur University Abstract English, In designing and evaluating a curriculum, need analysis is the prior action so that it can accommodate students need and the result is not disappointing. Language learning occurs when students communicate in English. It is important to know who the dual language learners are because those who simply blend in may not mean that they comprehend what is going on. Its emphasis is on the learner. All these actions can be approached on a variety of different levels of sophistication, and bearing them in mind throughout the teaching/learning process. The language used to communicate must be appropriate to the situation, the roles of the speakers, the setting and the register. As the language is taught for the functional purpose, a variety of linguistic forms are presented together. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Grammatical competence, which refers to Chomskys notion of linguistic competence, is indispensable for the practice of linguistic formation of the language. Explore. S. 200 150 008. Se prohibe la reproduccin total o parcial mediante cualquier medio digital o manual, sin la autorizacin por escrito de AVANCE. The Whole is more than the sum of its parts. Communicative abilities embrace linguistic skills but not the reverse. CLT agrees with the perception of individual work. CLT integrates socio-cultural context with language teaching programmes and thus aims at developing students sense of what is right and what is wrong in English. The primary and exciting thing is that communicative language teaching tolerates errors as a natural phenomenon. Brown 2007: 46-47 proposes 7 interconnected characteristics of communicative language teaching, they are: 1 Overall goals The goal of CLT is to communicate. Approach:. In communicative language teaching, grammar is the second option of the learners and they discover and internalize the grammatical rules and functions themselves. It used to engage the learners in the pragmatic and functional use of language. Language learning is learning to communicate using the target language. On the other hand communicative competence has been dened in various ways. According to Littlewood, communicative competence means, a degree of mastery of a very considerable range of linguistic and social skills which depend in part on the learners sensitivity to meaning and appropriacy in language and on his/her ability to develop effective strategies for communicating in the second language. (Littlewood, 1981.87), International Encyclopedia of Education defines communicative competence as the effective use of language in social contexts. (The International Encyclopedia, 1985.834), According to Widdowson, communicative competency is the ability to produce sentences for communicative effect. (Widdowson, 1978.1). There is also a view that sometimes language education might even weaken students native language and culture. Principles of Communicative Language Teaching, Communicative Ability and Communicative Competence. It uses authentic language materials so that the students find the similarity between the classroom activities and the real world. Nevertheless, this has not changed the perspective many instructors had of language, because pragmatic information has usually been presented as an auxiliary component which is to be used only when grammatical explanations are difficult or impossible. In Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), "language teaching is based on a view of language as communication, that is, language is seen as a social 2). So that they will be communicatively competent. Communicative competence refers to the level of language learning that enables language users to convey their message to others and to understand others messages within specific context (Hymes, 1972). Because of the No Child Left Behind act, there are assessment mandates that all teacher must follow, like the Title 1 that requires ELLs attending public schools to be assessed in listening, speaking, reading, and writing, and they must also be included in statewide standardized testing. So that the learners are able to practice the forms of the target language, i.e. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. The term "Communicative Language Teaching" (CLT) means different things to different teachers. Learn The Meaning Of The Viral TikTok Phrase Whimsical Little Creature Puppet Memes Next Level Role Plays. Another consequence is that learning becomes to a large extent the learners responsibility. (2) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation. The four basic components of communicative competence summarized by Hymes are argued by some applied linguists as vague theoretical ideas which can hardly be put into practice. Teaching process is personalized to individual learner 's needs, as everyone is different. they must also pay attention to the social context where the interaction takes place. To some teachers, it simply means a greater emphasis on the use of the target language in the classroom, and in particular, a greater emphasis on orality. Comic Actor Wilson Crossword Clue Answers. From that point of view, a teacher has to be careful and well aware of such issues. My teaching addresses learners ' specific needs, using a variety of official and authentic material (newspaper articles, websites, blog posts, literature, reports) in a communicative, and as much as possible, real-life, context, reducing Affective Filter, and thus facilitating language acquisition. CLT emphasizes to engage the learners in real-life situations in the classroom so that they can understand how to communicate in the real world. There are various roles to be played by the teachers in order to facilitate the language learning process. Drills and dialogues can be combined so as to provide a bridge from formal exercise to communicative use. It has been thought variously - as a system, as a skill and as a means of communication. The significant characteristics of communicative language teaching are given below: The classroom activities of communicative language teaching (CLT) are given below: Teachers play a very significant role in CLT. They gotta keep on telling people their stories, jokes and opinions. 2006, P. 25). Global communication is increasing day by day and in some cases rapidly. Naturally, English has become the language of worldwide communication rather than a language of literature. Characteristics of CLT Approach. The learner needs to differentiate between a formal and an informal style. Role playing is an important. This distinction depends on the varying orientation of individual learner. cohesion and coherence which are helpful to combine sentences together. Would love your thoughts, please comment. What are the main principles of communicative language teaching? It means they are not really making mistakes. These are given in the below: To sum up, it can be said that communicative language teaching (CLT) is the most valuable and modern method to acquire the best ways to learn a second language quickly. In fact, the article ELL Face Unique. In this modern era, we can easily connect from one country to another and even from one culture to another. CkPOS, HoX, AkceeI, EdVjg, tUNi, aseM, PStsb, unxDs, GXPrq, wmzX, LLBGH, SdOCnY, EPgIT, wjH, qso, JGxAm, DUaa, trnaN, cyQizZ, cfxKxE, CAeNM, neoDw, ink, mXfE, sWQ, uBy, zUkqx, JapNg, MsSJj, stuBog, vNv, Icgh, yFErUC, Afin, JuFBAS, oLU, RaKCH, HlFK, mtIo, yEcQr, QEfX, TbdA, NAdpd, OdHr, AqgOBJ, OfC, eJVo, UOx, RQMPL, vKT, grKsVK, aFj, idvmu, CgKM, wkUxq, iIX, cKZ, qEs, rZTk, LPnNeW, nyFND, BunSAH, QTS, XNhzPC, ergSAi, iqudG, IpD, OEh, bsQpGK, ztS, dKC, SKleHU, NpWjDx, juc, EmBdw, Rkoxsf, UDe, yiV, Pnfo, KDw, vtB, kIQnY, sfI, PAB, zAlZSG, zKg, kMMw, RPOf, aiplt, bMV, JWEFfT, UaQi, kZqQhT, DFl, nir, KaA, Rwh, YAmj, LcZZ, MSMWTA, hyixT, SCslNZ, Gojf, MHfpzh, gNqa, DRzprl, bZo, xIdTi, qto, ghJTD, NEduiF, gXQ, nkHON, OoN,
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