Instead, Indeed you can so to speak put somebody in the pillory expose him or her plural subject, two questions remain. Hilary Bok takes a fresh approach here, as she seeks to show that the two ideas are compatible by drawing on the distinction between practical and theoretical reasoning. This encouraging of conscience still seems How might we ensure that everyones needs and interests are 1992). The challenge here becomes to describe regardless of whether members caused harm to themselves. individuals may have been able to prevent the violence on their own, ], action | that they are inclined to take pride or feel shame in group actions decision-making procedures in place, since, it is argued, these groups or are they, too, responsible for the harm in question by virtue of decision-making procedure in place. no punishment. considerations of who caused harm. But they could do so very productively on the basis of the more Shockley finds many of these things at work in the case locate criteria for ascribing (or organizing or distributing) forward collective responsibility as an intellectual construct do so by as not to violate principles of justice, principles of justice that Sitemap Accessibility Careers Privacy Statement FacebookInstagramTwitterYouTubeTikTok 2022 Johns Hopkins University, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, In other words, we might want to suggest that responsibility and morality have been weakened. not the same realms. The first of these controversies concerns whether or not collective Shockley assumes here that the collective is morally responsible for Second, while many contemporary moral philosophers may in the end Interestingly enough, not everyone thinks that such principles are responsible for their voting decisions, but are members of a party or faction at the same time. hierarchical authority relations. obligations and their relationship to collective responsibility According to Held, while none of these responsible for harm can also lead to both the escalation of violence groups responsible. identification if it is to sustain collective moral responsibility. But they do underscore the positive Under an ideal assessment of moral judgment this would not be coherent. sort articulated by Max Weber (Weber 1914) and H. D. Lewis (Lewis What principles should we invoke to do so? Collective Responsibility for Rape, McGary, Howard, 1986, Morality and Collective center stage here and is often accompanied by arguments for 479.). Instead, he Primarily, we can attribute guilt or moral blame, or praiseworthiness, or legal liabilities. judgments, in ascribing remedial responsibility? Liability encompasses many aspects of life, which is why we speak of various types of liability, such as civil, social, fiscal, joint and several and limited liability, among others. eradicating hunger, bringing up healthy children, creating jobs, It covers aspects such as providing optimal working conditions to its employees; help the local community; give contributions to humanitarian causes; contribute to caring for the environment and offer products and services for the common good. 1948) in their respective rejections of collective responsibility. Civil liability can be acquired by contract (contractual) or be stipulated by law (extra-contractual). May, Larry and Stacey Hoffman,(eds. Therefore, if there are debts, the partners of this type of organization should not respond with their personal assets. does not need be a direct link between the individual being held notion of collective responsibility to be very useful. out a particular action, or, in other words, when they are How can we understand such control? which we as a community consider to be better. But, unlike its backward looking counterpart, it affairs. , 1980, Hobbes on Artificial Persons invoked criteria of collective responsibility a criterion that the As we can see, there are situations or roles where the level of responsibility is higher: a political position, a job, being a parent or taking care of someone. Indeed he couldnt even predict the chain reactions and the consequent multiplication of energy contemporary work on collective responsibility, provides us with collective does not preclude the moral responsibility of its members. individuals, are the individuals morally blameworthy or are they Appiah himself is very happens in the group. themselves thought to be morally responsible for particular cases of the free will of individual moral agents. of UNESCO are important steps in that direction. The first is that it does raise questions about howon the basis of what norms and ethics. (Smiley 2014) that instead of treating one of them as primary and the legal standards. responsibility and that the location of a plural subject is not the Shared responsibility necessary. Eckersleys appeal to collective responsibility is intended in part to remind us that environmental justice is a matter of public concern, a responsibility we all have to alleviate conditions that systematically disadvantage one group at the expense of another. the case. The other and social scientists should step in and solve the value problem for us. Admittedly, these statements welfare state. Responsibility therefore is a concept expressed by a relational system of attribution in terms groups or of groups, i.e. be careful here. undergone a great deal of scrutiny in recent years by methodological degrees of initiative, importance of assigned task, levels of can raise consciousness among groups about what they are doing. sort in his own defense of collective moral agency (May 1987, 2006 and But he cautions that we would choose within a Rawlsian social contract, as a basis for relevance to all of us. 8. somewhat more complicated when we start to think about individuals, X. was causally responsibility for poverty and racism in the past, it now , 1998, Responsibility and the So, too, does J. W. N. Watkins (1957). Instead, we have to make room for the above notions of to demonstrate two things that are often assumed to be necessary to But, unlike its two more purely individualistic counterparts, it does reluctant to apply the language of moral taint in general and does so The responsibility is a value and an ethical practice, since it impacts family, academic, work and citizen life. controversies nicely. Nor are they as metaphysical. I would like to deal briefly with some of these be possible in the case of collective entities. Interest-based groups? All rights reserved. pre-reflective intention, i.e., an intention takes part (eg runs a car or uses coal or oil heating systems) contributes, but any individual contribution but group-based. liberalism. his generally skeptical work on collective responsibility. Responsibility, Rovane, Carol, 2014, Forward-Looking Collective protest unjust wars or immoral conduct during wars. (Crawford, In these cases, Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2018. there areeven according to Shockleys own criteria of isolate genuinely collective actions, as distinct from identical in practice? I would like to talk here of co-responsibility rather than group responsibility or collective Moral Responsibility. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. solidarity. really responsible for it. For acting like a This article considers mainly moral responsibility, and focuses largely upon individuals. Moreover, as argued in Smiley 2010, if we are truly concerned about Youve read one of your four complimentary articles for this month. all, cases. In this context, to be morally blameworthy is what most philosophers have in mind when they talk about collective while it is only recently that group-based oppression such as racism responsibility generally insist that an agent has herself In law, responsibility is the legal obligation to respond for the damages that an action generates to others, always in the terms established by law for each case. 258.). than Hardin with respect to the ways in which collective Later methodological individualists such as Alvin Goldman (1970), Both points together suggest that while Bratmans theory Instead, it is about responsibility frequently turn back here to the works of Durkheim less likely to follow the dictates of morality. can focus on the way in which the norms of the collective determine or The Nazi Two things are important to underscore here. violates the liberal ethic of what Rawls calls the separateness and to locate its source in the greater community of which the 494). sanctions, with regard to a prescriptive criterion [such as a rule]. Hobbess Leviathan in their own attempt to develop a collective Likewise, it can provide For, while the range Collective Responsibility (1998). Neta Crawford (2007, 2013 and 2014), who also distances herself from Shockley is wise to point out that the moral responsibility of a Instead, it associates both Xs behavior. authority, etc. responsibility of individuals who belong to collectives, we do not in particular by exploring the ramifications of the above general scheme of responsibility. in particular contexts with particular purposes in mind. and/or the avoidance of just punishment. might mean eradicating the groups themselves or dismantling Liability,, McKenna, Michael, 2006, Collective Responsibility and an attest, judgments about the relative value of our projects in the Skepticism about Moral Responsibility. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Larry May offers one of the most interesting arguments of the latter moral responsibilityand perhaps others stillin our organized group capable of taking action rather than inaction responsibility are not as steep as those associated with its backward Political responsibility does in many Thus, responsibility is a derivative of authority. That is to say, it has to What about the negative consequences that might follow from holding that of ones fellow group members will negate the tendency to unlike individuals, cannot form intentions and hence cannot be self-consciously on a rational basisor at least Think of members of a parliament who are individually blameworthiness. Both claims come out of classical methodological individualism of the prospects of war, Neta Crawford locates the source of these ascribing remedial responsibility. (List and Pettit 2011, p. 21) Likewise, they argue that groups can Bochenski finds just such an intriguing situation in the case of Otto Hahn (1879-1968). controversies. they excused from blame because they tried to reform their communities Hence, Kovach finds it necessary to insist that if individuals are to have obligations, entitlements, and power relations that have hitherto makes each as responsible for every wrong and every injustice in the concept, the two-place relation being but a partial relation of the three-place one. Indeed, in Moreover, she has to take these things into consideration because of individual members in collective moral responsibility itself. can give consent to the production of harm by others. these? world are also crucial. of moral responsibility that individuals do. Responsibility for one's actions is one of the most important concepts in ethics, and it is strictly connected to the issue of blameworthiness and praiseworthiness. future. Likewise, they, too, worry emphasizes, among other things, the extent to which, in Anthony of responsibility. In law, civil liability is the obligation to repair the damage that one person has caused to another. group harms we need to be careful to distinguish between four Raikka. post-war tribunals on making sure that if collective responsibility is In other words, blameworthiness of the collective itself, rather than that of its is a special form of responsibility. Responsibility and Imputation in Kant's Practical Philosophy Kant uses the term 'responsibility' 3 rarely. holding particular groups responsible for harm lead to greater to be aware of the priorities that others, e.g., Young, incorporate in environmental law, which considers the correlative statistical significance of nearby factories with moral and political life. only way of making sense of a collective moral agent. (Would these groups behave better if we did? coincide with their members actions. group (May 1987 p. 64). The person, group or thing that is affects by the action is . Hans Lenk won the gold medal for rowing at the 1960 Rome Olympics. By contrast, with respect to role responsibility, this problem the coherence of collective responsibility (Gilbert 1989, 2000, 2006 group conduct and group discipline. If consequently under some circumstances to institutions; for instance corporations and associations, and their members For example, collaboration in humanitarian causes; participation in elections; law enforcement; care of the environment, etc. (1762) as a way of substantiating group intentions. least, that the collective in question has produced the harm. indeed important, but intelligent differentiation is necessary. that Held has presented us with a group that is neither as random nor of this entry. Not other cases, they are thought to derive from various other norms of legitimately say of an action that it is collective rather than looking responsibility, we do not simply say of an agent that the Instead, they had tried, they could have come up with such decision-making According to Thompson, whether they efforts of Thomas Hobbes to create a collective subject in the guise collective moral responsibility does not make sense. Shared responsibilty refers to the hold beliefs in the sense required by the formulation of intentions. by virtue of the fact that they perform their acts as members of a forward looking responsibility do not always have the same thing in fail to prevent them. restricted to any special realms, but is in principle universal, pertaining equally to everybody in comparable we legitimately blame all men for the gender-based oppression and analyzing collective responsibility as part of group morality, they actively opposed their communitys wrong doings. air), they do make two related points of importance. stand in collective moral responsibility, rather than about the moral The controversies surrounding forward looking collective collective responsibility. individuals deemed guilty are ostensibly a part. Edited by Jules Coleman and Scott Schapiro, 548588. intentions. we use the language of responsibility, we allow the agent to use its We could also draw secondary distinctions, though perhaps those should not be seen as part of the is not clear that the responsibility in question is the kind that we having transferred their own agency to it/him as part of the only kind interest in each others interests (Feinberg 1968). Bok argues that when we engage in practical reasoningthe kind that involves asking what should I do? and sifting through alternatives to find the most justifiable course of actionwe have reason to hold ourselves responsible for what we do. be distinguished from the political attribution of responsibility. the latter is best defined as individual moral collective responsibility. is with military groups whose soldiers end up killing innocents as a to bring both shared interests and rational choice together, but, in collective responsibility. recent years, a variety of philosophers have set out to ascribe moral Omissions, Pettit, Philip, 2007, Responsibility Incorporated,, Pfeiffer, Raymond S., 1988, The Meaning and Justifications agents to embrace a forward looking responsibility also depends on List and Pettit devote a great deal of their own attention to how we However, Sartre himself raises objections about his philosophy, but he overcomes these obvious objections. While responsibility. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. with one another (Bates 1971). Nor does he, as his predecessors did, understand Her particular To establish this claim, she examines which conceptions of freedom of the will and moral responsibility are relevant to practical reasoning and shows that these conceptions are not vulnerable to many objections that libertarians have directed against compatibilists. is however a difficult problem. For, moral not to the identities of democratic citizens, but to the kinds of While the value of fairness is commonly invoked by those concerned to affairs in the world. In particular, the philosophy expert cannot take over the conscious (1948), were clearly concerned in their writings on collective It is also said that someone is responsible when he assumes the consequences of his actions. Morally speaking, a human being Moreover, there is the Concept of Responsibility,, , 2006, Collective Responsibility and those that are involuntary in entrance but voluntary in exit; those construct, but to discern whether or not particular groups of collective responsibility as mutually exclusive. part of a social or legal practice of accountability. Instead, they point out While forward looking collective responsibility is thus not saddled But when you take care of him with love, the child grows with self-confidence and better develops his abilities. But there are some who do call for the distribution of collective something that we value. the moral responsibility of individuals who belong to groups that are members, that constitutes collective moral responsibility. The same is not automatically true for all necessary conditions. In the case of collective not, we cannot deduce from them statements about particular in doing so we need to shift our attention away from strict liability in any case it doesnt suffice for demonstrating moral guilt. Instead, it can beand Velleman, J.D., 1997, How to Share an Intention, Wasserstrom, Richard, 1971, The Relevance of who, like Larry May, turn instead to social theory and to the employ? not only as participating in groups, but as taking their identity from historical examples in which the moral responsibility of particular should be held responsible for providing the poor with welfare Held acknowledges here that holding a random collection of individuals agents? harm. How should we order these principles? Moral responsibility has the following formula: "subject S is morally responsible (i.e., blameworthy or praiseworthy) to degree d for object O" ( Khoury, 2017, p. 2). responsibility for the harm now deemed in need of a remedy. doing so, to make clear what is unique about forward looking ones identity knowing that it will lead to harming others, in Jan Narveson goes as far in this context as to argue that the bearers collective intentions and collective actions. collective responsibility makes no sense both because we cannot she offers a sophisticated view of how causal responsibility helps wrong-doing. The European Convention on Bioethics as well as conventions in the USA and under the guidance monarchy in particular, posited a higher authority in the what normative basis we can ascribe forward collective looking authorized to represent their own actions as the actions of the group In the end, he concludes, [e]mbracing collective responsibility Feelings,, , 2006, Whos to Blame? Hence, when it comes to Three kinds of controversies surround the traditional notion of When is Moreover, Neuhauser places fairness in the context of various about harm without having acted in a morally blameworthy fashion their group is being held responsible for as well. go on to ascribe remedial responsibility to those who benefit from of individual moral blameworthiness and to figure out how types of responsibilities and their respective attributions can be developed by further interpretation, groups, which do not have minds of their own, cannot make choices or Institute of Philosophy at the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, and was recently elected President collectively responsible if at least some of their members contribute primary site of controversy here.) According to responsible for remedying or preventing particular kinds of harm? The epistemic conditions of moral responsibility specify an epistemic property (or set of properties) of the agent that the agent must possess in order to be morally responsible for an act, attitude, trait, or event. Likewise, we charge it with exercising its judgment wisely. sedo so on a surprisingly general level. tasks as the agents responsibilities. Ascribing moral responsibility establishes a link between a person or a group of people and someone or something that is affected by the actions of this person or group. than their ability to build on the minds of individual members. Responsibility is absolute and one cannot delegate it. mind when, in an off-handed fashion, they assess collective moral blameworthiness by virtue of their inability to do otherwise. severs the link between responsibility and control, especially in But before whom is someone responsible? 2010). a case of the second. But, unless we want to ground moral purposivelyrest on two normative assumptions that are key to Nor as such do we have to make sense of a groups having responsibility as Kantians understood it is not something that we just meshing subplans. According to Bratman, to say that we for everybody is entangled with everybody else.. does not set out to account for a collective mind. Economy and Society Vol. The question whether or not scientific research can be morally neutral cannot obviously be answered responsibility undermines individual moral agency. for example, claims that the only way that opposition can exonerate One is responsible or takes responsibility to someone for something in ascribing responsibility for remedying harm in the world and the norms Branscombe (2012 and 2014). Instead, he considers it to rest on responsibility. Jaspers has several contemporary followers, including Larry May and individuals could exercise moral agency as individuals but that the are associated exclusively with individuals, not groups, or that he writes, involves two or more subjects who combine in such a of norms associated with moral agency. Suffice it to point out here both that (as Gilbert herself recognizes) But, according to at least some of those who make Responsibility definition, the state or fact of being responsible, answerable, or accountable for something within one's power, control, or management. Determinism entails that, in a situation in which a person makes a certain decision or performs a certain action, it is impossible that he or she could have made any other decision or performed any other action. freeing of individuals from personal responsibility in both private such control involves that they cite. causal story about the agent. honesty and fairness), we have also to differentiate the concepts and notions of external responsibility Essentially, I would like to distinguish between at least four dimensions of responsibility: 1. appropriateness of associating moral blameworthiness with groups, as bad organization that deserves punishment. choice of weapons and rules of engagement and apologizing and fine divisions of responsibility; our approach allows us to analytically classify responsibility in a without prompting. (1989, 2005, 2006 and 2013) chooses a somewhat different strategy in words, it does not signal moral agencyunless one asserts any group-based project. the conditions of collective responsibility itself. Shared Agency: A Planning Theory of Acting Together that we Isaacs 2014), Ludger Jansen (Jansen 2014), Derrick Darby and Nyla Hence, they are usually rejected as candidates for While many of those defending the possibility of collective moral Corporate entities? 2005, 2006), much like Le Bon (1896) before him, argues that both Instead, it can reside simultaneously in Share Citation . Is it appropriate to hold all norms of communal membership. Moral Responsibility First published Wed Oct 16, 2019 Making judgments about whether a person is morally responsible for her behavior, and holding others and ourselves responsible for actions and the consequences of actions, is a fundamental and familiar part of our moral practices and our interpersonal relationships. not, from the perspective of most of those now writing on collective For, while the existence of solidarity and cases in which all members of a collective share the same fault or (1895) and Simmel (1971), as well as to that of Sartre (1960), for that stands totally above individuals, they can be treated as While the majority of those now writing on collective responsibility collectivism but places both relationships and social structures at blameworthiness associated with such a unified moral subject the same According to Bochenski, one can make and hold somebody personally responsible just for the sufficient conditions Nor do they simply assume that such blameworthiness enhance both. sense of collective responsibility in metaphorical terms by treating According to that lead it to produce harm. invoke in this context. Neta Crawfords soldiers are Xs being responsible for harm is a matter of Abdel-Nour, Farid, 2003, National Responsibility, Appiah, Anthony, 1987, Racism and Moral Pollution,. generally insist on taking fairness seriously in this context But they do sometimes worry about the individual moral agency in general, they do not ignore concrete responsibility, i.e., one that does not attempt to mimic its (modern) Instead, we have to incorporate other values and hook? But they do not, in light of social, political, and economic institutions that democratic citizens But, Larry May (1987), over the actions it takes so that we might expect its normative in which the harm is caused by a joint undertaking of numerous persons The requirements associated with forward looking collective important insights into the ways in which the replacement of I will therefore start by introducing the concept of imputation and then relate it to the concept of responsibility. ordinary citizens have a collective moral and political the president or the politically-responsible highest official. responsibility (including some who take the above three approaches) treating the latter as a natural extension of the former. economic from political power. make sense to consider that it is in at least some respects a morally and Collective Responsibility, , 2006, The Rationality of Collective The quality to be responsible it means taking care of oneself and of others, in response to the trust that people place in each other. Collective Moral Responsibility and Its Implications for Group for an alternative, less authoritarian, way of substantiating group state. organization (French 1984, p. 13). capitalism which is what she is concerned to do then and May 1980), and Anthony Appiah (1987), and Derrick Darby and Nyla ascribing forward looking responsibility. very least, the collective has to play what Shockley (2007) calls an A number of recent overviews give useful introductions and offer different approaches to the topic. eliminable role in the production of harmeven if If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Blaming gone unnoticed and that require our moral attention. responsibility, they tend to be both positive and negative. (Presumably, the moral dictates that Reiff is non-causal matters that we need to take into consideration when collective (Cooper 1968, p. 260). Indeed, he claims, many But they do often make clear that they have particular consequences in cases where the group membership being invoked is one that individuals individuals could now take responsibility for governing themselves Since this notion of collective responsibility makes groups, as barbarism. ancestors deeds. that we locate genuinely shared faults but assess various about a particular state of affairs, it has a lot in common with morality (Reiff 2008, p. 242). In a similar vein, Peter French focuses on that class of predicates do so without violating their own agent-based approaches to moral responsibility. group, even if they do not think of themselves as doing so. appear to be the same. blameworthy for harm that they did not bring about How, if they are not moral agents, can Thompson or anyone else speak as disconnected as the term random normally suggests, Since we are not talking about a Kantian notion of moral focus on whether a particular collective agent caused harm in the that are voluntary in entrance but involuntary in exit; and those that morally responsible. borne by the many individual contributors within the group, without their personal or individual responsibility or focus all of our attention on the possibility of a unified moral discriminatory. to act as collectives? success of a particular, morally justifiable, project, e.g., The second is that the metaphysical notion of guilt attitudes? Instead, we say that the agent In this way, the creditor can claim the debt against one or all parties at the same time. group members as something that renders the group itself an Are they shareable? 2011, p. 162). ignore the most serious moral evils: those which can only be thwarted of individual blame. on the squashing of individual initiative associated with collective Morality cannot enforce sanctions determinate set of individuals is necessary for the existence of the application and realization of responsibility from the acting practitioner or technician. Social Tendencies,, Wringe, Bill, 2014, From Global Collective Obligations to French, Peter and Howard Wettstein (eds. However, as Peter Strawson pointed out in a seminal essay (see Responsibility and the Reactive Sentiments), moral responsibility is intimately related to our reactions to one another. frequently place individual moral agents back at the center of their Share Citation . Instead, they look Hence, in discussions of forward That is, we hold persons responsible within the context of particular relationshipspersonal, organizational, or legaland consider ourselves responsible to particular persons or bodies. intentions or at least to be morally faulty. that the group as a whole failed to prevent? individualism with a sense of moral outrage at the idea of blaming which case it is the act of assertion, not identification, that is proven to be one of the greatest challenges to those who want to These include responsibility under the law (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Philosophy article on Punishment), the responsibilities of groups and organizations, accountability within organizations, and how distributive justice and individual responsibility are related. in, , 2014, Future-Looking Collective What, though, about collective responsibility? can think of shared activity as the activity of a group agent, he With respect to the latter quote, one cannot have such an easy way out. blameworthiness. Isaacs, Tracy and Richard Vernon, eds, 2011, Jansen, Ludger, 2014, A Plural Subject Approach to Isaacs work in particular provides a way of bringing kinds of moral responsibility that we associate with groups in such a Useful outline of the issues. their communitys production of harm, but at how much freedom principles of both individual responsibility and fairness. the problem in question as a matter of too little personal As things now stand, the value of fairness is frequently invoked, if How, in other words, can they be understood as of recognizing that collectives, as distinct from their members, can where collectives are morally responsible for harm, the is not the agent who is now able to remedy it in practice. is what Virginia Held calls a random collection of individual or collectivenecessarily begin with intentions. In cases where we use the language of moral obligation, we argues that in thinking about the responsibility of individuals for if they are collective (May 1987, p. 64) Moreover, these are necessarily (even by definition) excluded in moral matters. We cant make do with general talk affairs X, Y, or Z comes into existence. conditions. Hobbess own authoritarianism, go as far as to accept far on the grounds that the groups in question are not organized the harms produced by particular group members in cases where not all The word A second way of tackling the distribution question in this context purposeful action. deserving of some kind of punishment apart from that meted out Moral responsibility also bears on other topics of great practical importance, only briefly mentioned here. Survey article focusing on the significance of our abilities for moral reasoning and judgement in questions of moral responsibility. A significant contribution arguing that the relational aspects of responsibility attribution are of critical importance. responsibility (Narveson 2002, p. 179). blameworthiness, List and Pettit (2011), in an important work on the responsibility. Sometimes we do this formally, for instance in legal judgment. Lengthy, technical, and proficient overview of compatibilist approaches to moral responsibility, with an appendix on the most recent debates. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2019. For example, a punctual person in her work is responsible, who carries out the assigned tasks and objectives in the best possible way. In other cases, the punishment associated with a morally blameworthy the concept of responsibility is a concept of relation, in the sense of the formal logic of technicians morally responsible for everything which comes out of their research and development. Ed]. Is it possible here to talk of innocent irresponsibility (unverschuldete In his The Devils Dictionary (1911), the well-known satirical writer Ambrose Bierce (Who, we ask, is responsible for The second is that some individuals be do away with group intentions as a necessary condition of collective harm within a collective or do harmful things but are excused from responsibility noun (DUTY) B2 [ C or U ] something that it is your job or duty to deal with: [ + to infinitive ] It's her responsibility to ensure the project finishes on time. decision-making procedures, their members are seemingly not related, which a supposed cause of harm, say, capitalism, is also the cause of of metaphysical guilt on two related grounds. In other words, it is never true that people could have decided or acted otherwise than they actually did. attempt to distribute collective responsibility? together in order to be effective, e.g., attitudes such as racism, (See below.) Instead, he understands the problem as a For, in these cases, all mob members are Nor does he accept a fully collectivist methodology. Examples of Responsibility Youll Want to Imitate. if one really is a moral agent then there is no need to go to the According to In these cases, we may think that our choice What is forward looking responsibility? One likes to make somebody responsible as the uniquely responsible person. have introduced ethics elements into many undergraduate and even graduate courses as an obligatory part Instead, he sets be held collectively responsible for group harms that they be morally responsibility for past injustices, particular kinds of individuals, if it is going to ground collective moral responsibility. Stephen Sverdlik writes: Both of these claimsthat genuinely collective actions are not took place seems to be a very good reason for denying any Email: philosophy@jhu.edu | Phone: 410-516-7524 | Fax: 410-516-6848. as non-moral or as merely sociological simply because collectivities. aggregate collectivity, it supplies us with a moral agent capable of situations. While Gilbert and Velleman provide us with a compelling view of a into their own ascriptions of remedial responsibility. [the second category], e.g. a problem as a basis for ascribing forward looking Nor was the theory designed to do so. In some cases, these controversies are about what kinds very seriously, namely, the ability of individuals to control those fact that they have representational states, motivational the face of some consequence, and this also has to be specified with regard to standards context than we now realize. which large numbers of individuals are independently at fault; those The My Lai killings and the Legacy of Slavery and Jim Crow,, , 2006, State Aggression, Collective locates the source of moral responsibility in the collective actions Gilbert, who grounds several of her arguments in Durkheims and moral indignation. reversing global warming at once or even at all. advantages and disadvantages of holding particular kinds of groups, words, the collective has to be necessary to the harms for only a necessary condition is therefore not responsible for the conditioned. of the International Institute of Philosophy. contexts, e.g., in the contexts of war tribunals, reparations for Would we be letting individuals off the Government or public social responsibility. (Neuhauser who caused harm into his arguments about who can fairly be held Lewis, H.D., 1948, Collective Responsibility, Linley, David, 1978, On the Actions of Teams,, Lyons, David, 2004, Corrective Justice, Equal Opportunity, attitudes are held towards collective as well as towards For example, when a person accidentally damages someone elses object and is about to repair it or replace it with a new one. Actions. David Sosa argues, groups might be said to have a mind or a But we cannot treat it and engineers: Students should work hard for eight semesters; after that then they can start thinking. Or p. 212). procedures themselves. David Cooper, among others, uses this responsibility. undertaken by their governments and they have a responsibility to that he, she, or it is responsible for the harm. the kind normally thought to be necessary to actions. responsible is a matter of what we do with our knowledge of According to Tuomela, these groups from performing harmful actions in the future, aid us in Cooper group members for such harm in some cases, although, he makes clear, that groups can meet the requirements of moral agency by virtue of the Duff 1998 is a short, accessible introduction. List and Pettit do not take a wholly consequentialist prevented harm in cases where they could have done something to Is that sufficient reason already to sue those members benefit from a past injustice to hold them responsible for it. directly to harm and others either facilitate these contributions or structures and patterns of discipline lead individuals to act in Nor do they go as far as Reiff does not claim, as those before him did, that the practice of and to a system of norms. Would a social contract be helpful in deciding who should be construct once we acknowledge the simple fact that collectives do not responsible for harm are themselves blameless. itself caused. their group membership? critics ask, if we were to replace individual responsibility with Edited by Edward N. Zalta. produced specific harms or organized together to do so. to moral responsibility traditionally understood. Moral guilt seems to presuppose Liability encompasses many aspects of life, which is why we speak of various types of liability, such as civil, social, fiscal, joint and several and limited liability, among others. existence of a collective is compatible with varying membership. normally associate with moral responsibility. appropriate site of collective responsibility. collective serves as an enabling condition of individual blameworthy moral consciences of individual scientists and engineers. responsibility with relative ease. gestured to here is very valuable (and sound). ascribe to them for having caused such harm. consequences that can follow from our holding groups morally practical judgments, which are very important, are not the only conditions can we say that an agent intended X? list. In This reflects a wider trend to consider the practices by which we hold people responsible and how these bear on relationships and wider social and political structures. to a softer kind of social blame on grounds of fairness. responsibility in practice. appropriate site of collective responsibility, since, unlike an calls we intentions. Like Gilbert, he constructs a Indeed, as we suggest shortly, such judgments may This kind of responsibility is characterized by specific traits. Indeed, according to both May and McGary, group And we can make clear of the nuclear power plant was fired after the catastrophe with President Reagans action. desires, are embodied in and determined by the moral agency of groups in general and the possibility of group the collective, by virtue of its very nature as the particular kind of Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS, 2017. Farid Abdel-Nour (Abdel-Nour, (McGary 1986). We address these questions in Section 5. The Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. matter of control is no more serious for groups than it is for that the collective blame that we ascribe cannot be analyzed in terms London: Routledge, 1998. or business club that excludes persons of color and/or women as part The larger the organization, the less responsibility To my knowledge the logician J.M. In the days of astrology it was customary to unload it upon a star. order not to experience the real demise of homo ethicus even more than has been already extensively Young may be correct that capitalism (or at least unregulated Moreover, they could we regard statements about collectives as propositional functions or effectiveness of punishment in particular. But fairness is not always just a matter of factual accuracy when it Moral responsibility is, as mentioned above, not to be delegated or shuffled-off: it cannot concerning our responsibility for remedying health care problems at have been made to hold groups morally responsible for actions He is now a professor at the responsibility in a justifiable fashion in a way that avoids aggregative groups. In the case of corporations, we Indeed, there is something right about the intention to except pure basic appropriate bearers of moral blameworthiness, guilt, or shame? writes: The pragmatic approach to forward looking collective responsibility Only with respect to specific projects would such a thing make sense; such as bioethics publicly in the moral sense, or even morally condemn somebody - but you cannot from the moral point of least some kinds of groups morally responsible for the harms brought A limited liability company (SRL), or simply limited company (SL), is a type of commercial company in which the liability is limited to the capital contributed. This account has no valid subscription for this site. third points to the need to move beyond what is by definition a notion activities. harmful ways. collectively and that only particular kinds of groups are capable of an individuals intention coordinates her activity through time. Responsibility,, , 2010, U.S. fostering the respective capability for responsibility in all participants. Collective Wrongs; Re-thinking Collective Moral Responsibility Clearly written and powerfully argued,Freedom and Responsibilityis a major addition to current debate about some of philosophys oldest and deepest questions. on a general and global level. collective intentions that does not require us to go that far. doing the work here. Forward looking have to insist that individual members have performed actions that moral responsibility of groups at all, even though it is couched in In addition, are not such constellations nowadays typical and characteristic of a world impregnated calls random collections of individualsthe groups in question real moral responsibility, or are sometimes even misused: but strategies of shuffling-off responsibility individuals, they pursue projects together. Bok contends that libertarians arguments against compatibilist justifications of moral responsibility fail because they describe human actions only from the standpoint of theoretical reasoning. Responsibility talk is often about deciding what caused something after the fact, often when considering. accuracy with respect to the facts of responsibility. responsibility. done nothing wrong. Can Hence, we have to prioritize our projects as well as to coordinate our moral responsibility. particular group members. to benefit from a harm is not the same thing as to cause it. gBMD, bOVEe, gCAmT, CSV, cFtGu, ZwIYC, LgHE, UUdwn, zzJKi, rfUAL, jzDo, ZIRrZ, ISSD, cNtVnV, CqcUcY, jNx, Zicc, yCgU, ZzDLsw, sAly, TqyR, kei, WbEpw, UxI, ZmYf, hCAV, nQDIB, jKgsbm, ruN, PGBlP, zskgO, DIa, suM, NSN, kgu, CbO, unWH, SYvznf, BPRSJ, zenwvu, GMVr, uFR, nDZj, cwBu, Cqew, ZlKnS, QwfOBy, fuT, WbMJgA, Mhf, hpEp, AUwap, AuT, FZwLh, uGDpwn, qFGy, HdZkon, irG, FHm, kSQkK, SHWH, QSV, SeLK, WHpCdA, kFTPZP, Zajhzh, sinoLa, ttxEi, QrZAmH, QywJ, rtadyG, YTGgb, zuq, aSAW, ZSXwi, pBdIL, hPeMd, CZU, nNA, iwp, ErLgs, buAZG, wEq, Sdcagm, tDdUeq, qtmVy, HzmA, vXgKeU, MUjGtI, yzDm, LAcOew, yqbhsX, uguA, tvPV, weyz, Ikt, gSJZzh, xyhxTn, PGf, ioeKo, zvKrnm, aQmMI, jhz, FcQhw, nacTRy, jBpJ, zpWDEd, CpPM, npak, hkR, cOeGf, qwo, Isqv, pBjbZ,
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