Resources for educator certification, recognition programs, evaluation, and workforce research. Scherer, M. (1999) The Understanding Pathway: A Conversation with Howard Gardner, Educational Leadership 57(3) [www.georgejacobs.net/MIArticles/Gardner%20ASCD%201999.doc. Revised annually, the latest version contains employment projections for the 2021-31 decade. Graduation Rates High School Graduation Rates (EDStats tool) Florida s PK-20 Educatio. Gardner, Howard (1999) Intelligence Reframed. : 70). Linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals. These policies are divided into three main categories. Eligible students 13 and older and teachers can purchase an annual membership to Adobe Creative Cloud for a reduced price of US$19.99 /mo for the first year. COLLEGES: Search over 3,000 college profiles on BigFuture to discover which colleges and programs are right for you. Username * Password * She is the founder and executive director of the Just Equations project. For those researchers and scholars who have traditionally viewed intelligence as, effectively, what is measured by intelligence tests Howard Gardners work will always be problematic. States led the effort to develop the MCCRS, not the federal government. Gardner, H. (1991) The Unschooled Mind: How children think and how schools should teach, New York: Basic Books. The multiple intelligences themselves also provide a good focus for reflection. The theory of multiple intelligences: In the heyday of the psychometric and behaviorist eras, it was generally believed that intelligence was a single entity that was inherited; and that human beings initially a blank slate could be trained to learn anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way. 833-633-5788, MDE COVID-19 Education Information and Resources, Michigan's Top 10 Strategic Education Plan, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, https://dev.michigan.local/som/json?sc_device=json, Early Childhood Development and Family Education, Educational Assessment and Accountability, Preschool and Out of School Time Learning, K-8 Grade Level Content Expectations for Health Education, MDE COVID-19 Online Instructional Resources, Michigan Merit Curriculum/Graduation Requirements, Section 32p/32p(4) Home Visitation Grants, MDE COVID-19 Early Childhood Information and Resources, Preschool Development Grant Birth through Five, Educator Conduct and Criminal Convictions, Early Middle College High School Opportunities, Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), Alternatives to Suspensions and Expulsions Toolkit, Go to Out-of-School Time & Summer Learning, Early Warning Intervention and Monitoring System (EWIMS), Resources for Schools Identified for CSI, ATS, or TSI, Early Literacy and Mathematics Benchmark Assessments (K-2), Michigan Student Test of Educational Progress (M-STEP), National Assessment of Educational Progress, WIDA Assessments (K-12 ELP Assessments and Screener), Go to MDE COVID-19 Education Information and Resources, Go to Michigan's Top 10 Strategic Education Plan, Michigan's Top 10 Strategic Education Plan Tool Kit, Go to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 2022 Michigan Education Support Staff Professional, Tools and Guidance for Evaluating Bias in Instructional Materials, Visual, Performing and Applied Arts Course/Credit Requirements, Standards, Benchmarks, and Grade Level Content Expectations (GLCEs) for Visual Arts, Music, Dance, and Theatre, Michigan Arts Education Instruction and Assessment Project (MAEIA), Career and Technical Education (CTE) National Career Ready Practices, CTE National Standards by Career Cluster and Career Pathways, ELA Crosswalks: Claims, Targets, and Standards, World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA) English Language Development (ELD) Standards, Michigan High School Health Credit Guidelines, Mathematics Alternate Content Expectations, Mathematics Crosswalks: Claims, Targets, and Standards, Michigan Science Standards: An Overview for Principals, Social Studies Course/Credit Requirements, Michigan Integrated Educational Technology Competencies for Students (MITECS), World Languages Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Here, I want to focus on three key questions that have been raised in debates. ; The Statutes of Nevada are a compilation of all legislation passed by the Nevada Legislature during a particular Legislative Session. Tool: MI is a means to foster high quality work. Save over60% on the Creative Cloud All Apps plan if youre a student. Sternberg, R. J. Understanding entails taking knowledge gained in one setting and using it in another. See all Creative Cloud mobile and desktop apps, Grab one or more photos and make quick social posts, snaps, tweets, and memes that get noticed while youre still out and about. The concept was originally proposed by the psychologist Albert Bandura.. Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavor. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking. In turn, this reflection has led many educators to develop new approaches that might better meet the needs of the range of learners in their classrooms. Sample test questions are small subsets of test questions released from the STAAR test banks. As I construe it, the central component in the moral realm or domain is a sense of personal agency and personal stake, a realization that one has an irreducible role with respect to other people and that ones behaviour towards others must reflect the results of contextualized analysis and the exercise of ones will. Building staff awareness of MI and of the different ways that students learn. Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligences has not been readily accepted within academic psychology. Michael V. - Christophers Parent Erin has tutored both of my sons now and has done an outstanding job. Collaboration: informal and formal exchanges. He suggests that it is difficult to come to any consensual definition, but argues that it is possible to come to an understanding that takes exploration forward. For many Texas students, assessments also help measure how well they are mastering the English language. Lansing, MI 48933 He reviewed the literature using eight criteria or signs of an intelligence: Potential isolation by brain damage.The existence of idiots savants, prodigies and other exceptional individuals. Better standards call for better assessments. Pre-K students and kindergarteners are evaluated at the beginning and end of the school year. Here we explain the rationale behind this, and provide planning and assessment resources, as well as case studies and interviews from schools involved in What is more: Seven kinds of intelligence would allow seven ways to teach, rather than one. Interpersonal intelligence is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. The Occupational Outlook Handbook is the government's premier source of career guidance featuring hundreds of occupationssuch as carpenters, teachers, and veterinarians. Mississippi Department of Education US$19.99 /month Creative Cloud Introductory Pricing. Access the released tests at texasassessment.gov. His parents had fled from Nrnberg in Germany in 1938 with their three-year old son, Eric. P.O. It is the ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements. This pricing is available for first time membership only and limited to eligible education customers who purchase directly from the Adobe Store or by calling Adobe Sales. See terms, Introductory Pricing Terms and Conditions, US$19.99/month Creative Cloud Introductory Pricing. Bruner, J (1960) The Process of Education, Cambridge, Mass. Central to a moral domain, Howard Gardner suggests, is a concern with those rules, behaviours and attitudes that govern the sanctity of life in particular, the sanctity of human life and, in many cases, the sanctity of any other living creatures and the world they inhabit (ibid. Ensures that vital information is provided to educators, families, students, and communities through annual statewide assessments that measure students' progress toward those high standards. Useful review of Gardners theory and discussion of issues and additions. While there are considerable benefits to developing understanding in relation to the disciplines, something more is needed. These two events were not discussed during Gardners childhood, but were to have a very significant impact upon his thinking and development (Gardner 1989: 22). The Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) are the current codified laws of the State of Nevada. Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic intelligence. It has helped a significant number of educators to question their work and to encourage them to look beyond the narrow confines of the dominant discourses of skilling, curriculum, and testing. 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Instead he went to a nearby preparatory school in Kingston, Pennsylvania (Wyoming Seminary). The theory can also be found in use within pre-school, higher, vocational and adult education initiatives. The MCCRS are aligned to college and workplace expectations. The response to Howard Gardner is paralleled by the adoption of Kolbs model of experiential learning by adult and informal educators. If we accept the existence of a moral realm is it then possible to speak of moral intelligence? Ontario Poison Centre. Requiresfor the first timethat all students in America be taught to high academic standards that will prepare them to succeed in college and careers. PLOS Global Public Health is a global forum for public health research that reaches across disciplines and regional boundaries to address some of the biggest health challenges and inequities facing our society today.. Get Started These test questions may have been previously administered. Aligned Content . In Howard Gardners words, it entails the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. Howard Gardner is currently Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and adjunct professor of neurology at the Boston University School of Medicine. Intrapersonal intelligence entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate ones feelings, fears and motivations. Smith, L. G. and Smith, J. K. (1994) Lives in Education. Create pro-quality videos like documentaries, short films, and more. There are various criticisms of, and problems around, Howard Gardners conceptualization of multiple intelligences. Howard Earl Gardners (1943- ) work has been marked by a desire not to just describe the world but to help to create the conditions to change it. In Frames of Mind Howard Gardner treated the personal intelligences as a piece. Subsequent research and reflection by Howard Gardner and his colleagues has looked to three particular possibilities: a naturalist intelligence, a spiritual intelligence and an existential intelligence. Musical intelligence involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. Howard Gardner viewed intelligence as the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting (Gardner & Hatch, 1989). Adobe Acrobat lets you work together on gorgeous PDFs with text, graphs, and illustrations, so you get a Wow every time. Gardner, Howard (1999) The Disciplined Mind: Beyond Facts And Standardized Tests, The K-12 Education That Every Child Deserves, New York: Simon and Schuster (and New York: Penguin Putnam). Call the OPC at 1-800-268-9017 or 416-813-5900 for poison emergencies or questions about poisoning. Project SUMIT (2000) uses the metaphor of Compass Points -routes that educators using the theory have taken and which appear to benefit students. A test form is a set of released test questions previously administered together to Texas students which reflects the STAAR test blueprints. Michael V. - Christophers Parent Erin has tutored both of my sons now and has done an outstanding job. Its objectives are to: a) enhance the rigor of the social studies disciplines; b) build critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens; and c) align academic programs to the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies. Find the best kids books, learning resources, and educational solutions at Scholastic, promoting literacy development for over 100 years. The links below open PDF versions of STAAR released sample questions. : 62). PLOS Global Public Health is a global forum for public health research that reaches across disciplines and regional boundaries to address some of the biggest health challenges and inequities facing our society today.. Get Started States led the effort to develop the MCCRS, not the federal government. Gardner, Howard (2006) Changing Minds. She is the founder and executive director of the Just Equations project. Resources for Michigans Out-of-School Time programs and providers. Free for eligible students and teachers. They are used at the same time and tend to complement each other as people develop skills or solve problems. In Howard Gardners view it involves having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives. These test questions may have been previously administered. Readiness: awareness-building for implementing MI. Susceptibility to encoding in a symbol system. (Gardner 1993: xxiii). Howard Gardner completed his PhD in 1971 (his dissertation was on style sensitivity in children). Every year, thousands of schools, organisations and communities get involved to share important road safety messages, remember people affected by road death and injury, and raise funds to help Brake care for more road victims and campaign for safe roads for everyone. Pamela Burdman is a nationally recognized authority in college access, readiness, and success. This pricing is subject to change without notice. These intelligences, according to Howard Gardner, are amoral they can be put to constructive or destructive use. The journal provides leadership in pediatric education, research, patient care and advocacy. Our professional development for teachers provides training, resources, and Requiresfor the first timethat all students in America be taught to high academic standards that will prepare them to succeed in college and careers. Learn more, Reliably view, print, sign, and comment on PDFs no matter where you are. I now believe that this can only be accomplished if someone developed several measures for each intelligence and then made sure that people were comfortable in dealing with the materials and methods used to measure each intelligence. Void where prohibited, taxed or restricted by law. The Student Assessment Division is responsible for the development and administration of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) and the Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS). Michigan has an innovative and comprehensive system of assessments to measure student achievement in learning our state content standards. Road Safety Week is Brake's biggest road safety campaign. Health Connect Ontario Design page layouts for print and digital campus flyers, magazines, and eBooks. His parents wanted to send Howard to Phillips Academy in Andover Massachusetts but he refused. Building staff awareness of MI and of the different ways that students learn. The State academic standards posted here serve to outline learning expectations for Michigans students and are intended to guide local curriculum development. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and language as a means to remember information. Historical Data: Please visit the Archives page for all historical data. States led the effort to develop the MCCRS, not the federal government. Choice: meaningful curriculum and assessment options. Learn more. Eligible students 13 and older and teachers can purchase an annual membership to Adobe Creative Cloud for a reduced price of US$19.99 /mo for the first year. (Gardner 1999: 98). Summative academic tests for students with significant cognitive disabilities, Summative academic tests administered prior to 20172018 school year, English language proficiency test for English learners with significant cognitive disabilities, Optional diagnostic tests to monitor student progress, Texas Formative Established by a group of prominent educators in 1997, our resources are crafted by experts in their fields to help you prepare for school and your future career. At the end of your offer term, your subscription will be automatically billed at the standard Our professional development for teachers provides training, resources, and Teachers, therefore, need to attend to all intelligences, not just the first two that have been their tradition concern. Williams, W. M., Blythe, T., White, N., Li, J., Sternberg, R. J., & Gardner, H. (1996). Revised annually, the latest version contains employment projections for the 2021-31 decade. A number of schools in North America have looked to structure curricula according to the intelligences, and to design classrooms and even whole schools to reflect the understandings that Howard Gardner develops. These test questions may have been previously administered. Released test forms that were administered online are released as practice tests. At first blush, this diagnosis would appear to sound a death knell for formal education. According to Howard Gardner (1999: 59) there are problems, for example, around the content of spiritual intelligence, its privileged but unsubstantiated claims with regard to truth value, and the need for it to be partially identified through its effect on other people. cit.). The goal of the MCCRS is college and workforce readiness for all students. At the end of your offer term, your subscription will be automatically billed at the standard Instead he looks to what he calls the componential, experiential and contextual facets of intelligence. It has been embraced by a range of educational theorists and, significantly, applied by teachers and policymakers to the problems of schooling. See all Creative Cloud desktop and mobile apps, After your free trial, your Adobe Creative Cloud membership is only Please use your Infinite Campus username and password. As a result: It seems more responsible to carve out that area of spirituality closest in spirit to the other intelligences and then, in the sympathetic manner applied to naturalist intelligence, ascertain how this candidate intelligence fares. Username * Password * Learn more, Quickly and easily make standout content from thousands of beautiful templates. Aligned Content . The MCCRS delve deper into core concepts. Number2.com is an online education and test prep guide focusing on college readiness and career development for both students and professionals. Historical Data: Please visit the Archives page for all historical data. It also provides educators with a conceptual framework for organizing and reflecting on curriculum assessment and pedagogical practices. For example, it can be argued that musical intelligence and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are better approached as talents (they do not normally need to adapt to life demands). That helped set me on the course of investigating human nature, particularly how human beings think. Gardner claimed that the seven intelligences rarely operate independently. Morality is then properly a statement about personality, individuality, will, character and, in the happiest cases, about the highest realization of human nature. Health Connect Ontario US$19.99 /month Creative Cloud Introductory Pricing. Box 771 Texas Education Agency (TEA) accessibility policies may apply to any student taking State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR ) or Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS) depending on his or her needs and whether or not the student meets the eligibility criteria, if applicable. On October 9, 2012, the State Board of Education adopted Ohios Early Learning and Development Standards in all domains of school readiness to reflect the comprehensive development of children beginning at birth to kindergarten entry. We must figure out how intelligence and morality can work together, Howard Gardner argues, to create a world in which a great variety of people will want to live (Gardner 1999: 4). High school students take end-of-course exams in Algebra I, English II, Biology, and US History. The MCCRS call for changes in learning for ELA and mathematics. It can be argued that research around the functioning of the brain generally continues to support the notion of multiple intelligence (although not necessarily the specifics of Howard Gardners theory). Gardner, H., Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Damon, W. (2001) Good Work: Where Excellence and Ethics Meet, New York: Basic Books. The mission of National Council for the Social Studies is to advocate and build capacity for high-quality social studies by providing leadership, services, and support to educators. Texas Education Agency (TEA) accessibility policies may apply to any student taking State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR ) or Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS) depending on his or her needs and whether or not the student meets the eligibility criteria, if applicable. The Student Assessment Division is responsible for the development and administration of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR ) and the Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS).The Texas Assessment program includes more than just the STAAR summative tests. By determining the beliefs a person holds regarding their power to affect situations, self-efficacy strongly influences both the power a Quick Links. While significant criticism can be made of the formulation (see below) it does provide a useful set of questions and rules of thumb to help educators to think about their practice. : 76). His listing was provisional. The Mississippi Academic Assessment Program (MAAP) measures student progress in grades 3 through 8 in English Language Arts and Math. From Piaget to the present, London: Routledge. In psychology, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals. Texas leads the nation by developing the first alternate English language proficiency assessment for students with significant cognitive disabilities, the TELPAS Alternate. : 19). This pricing is subject to change without notice. Using MI as a tool to promote high quality student work rather than using the theory as an end in and of itself. While there may be some significant questions and issues around Howard Gardners notion of multiple intelligences, it still has had utility in education. Project SUMIT (2000) SUMIT Compass Points Practices. Sample test questions are small subsets of test questions released from the STAAR test banks. The scale of Howard Gardners contribution can be gauged from following comments in his introduction to the tenth anniversary edition of his classic work Frames of Mind. The mission of National Council for the Social Studies is to advocate and build capacity for high-quality social studies by providing leadership, services, and support to educators. Discover Standards! Howard Gardner himself has not pursued this approach because of a more general worry with such testing that it leads to labelling and stigmatization. Collaboration: informal and formal exchanges. However, empirical evidence is sparse and although a ninth intelligence might be attractive, Howard Gardner is not disposed to add it to the list. Academic Pediatrics, the official journal of the Academic Pediatric Association, is a peer-reviewed publication whose purpose is to strengthen the research and educational base of academic general pediatrics. In Howard Gardners words Erikson probably sealed his ambition to be a scholar (1989: 23). The journal provides leadership in pediatric education, research, patient care and advocacy. The approach entails: A broad vision of education. An evolutionary history and evolutionary plausibility. And powerful constraints that exist in the mind can be mobilized to introduce a particular concept (or whole system of thinking) in a way that children are most likely to learn it and least likely to distort it. STAAR Released Test Copyright Information, Released Test Forms and Answer Keys (Paper Administrations). It is not, in itself, an intelligence. Because of their close association in most cultures, they are often linked together. The first two have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what Howard Gardner called personal intelligences (Gardner 1999: 41-43). The final, and obvious, candidate for inclusion in Howard Gardners list is moral intelligence. Building staff awareness of MI and of the different ways that students learn. The intelligences provided a new definition of human nature, cognitively speaking (Gardner 1999: 44). Responsible for providing final decisions in administrative appeals to MDE. Mississippis statewide assessments measure students academic aptitude from pre-K through high school. CAREERS: Explore careers that you're passionate about on BigFuture by taking the Career Quiz and learning how your test performance aligns to 1,000 occupations with our career readiness indicator. COLLEGES: Search over 3,000 college profiles on BigFuture to discover which colleges and programs are right for you. CAREERS: Explore careers that you're passionate about on BigFuture by taking the Career Quiz and learning how your test performance aligns to 1,000 occupations with our career readiness indicator. Knowledge is not the same as morality, but we need to understand if we are to avoid past mistakes and move in productive directions. At the end of your offer term, your subscription will be automatically billed at the standard subscription rate, currently atUS$359.88/yr (plus applicable taxes), unless you elect to change or cancel your subscription. Please note: Alternate Content Expectations are intended ONLY for students with the most significant cognitive disabilities. Welcome NWEA is a research-based, not-for-profit organization that supports students and educators worldwide by creating assessment and learning solutions that precisely measure growth and proficiencyand provide trustworthy insights to help An MI setting can be undone if the curriculum is too rigid or if there is but a single form of assessment (Gardner 1999: 147). The Texas Education Agency (TEA) releases two types of test questions for the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) programsample questions and test forms. Prepare all students for college and todays workforce. The goal of the MCCRS is college and workforce readiness for all students. Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. (1989). Edit and combine images for posters, flyers, social collages, and websites. The main Howard Gardner writings on multiple intelligences are as follows: Gardner, Howard (1983; 1993) Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences, New York: Basic Books. Find the best kids books, learning resources, and educational solutions at Scholastic, promoting literacy development for over 100 years. Childrens chances of success are maximised if they develop deep and lasting understanding of mathematical procedures and concepts. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4-9. An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves. So it is, that Howard Gardner has added an eighth intelligence naturalist intelligence to his list. Filter by location, major, and more. cit.). Void where prohibited, taxed or restricted by law. Brualdi, A, C. (1996) Multiple Intelligences: Gardners Theory. The Student Assessment Division is responsible for the development and administration of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR ) and the Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS).The Texas Assessment program includes more than just the STAAR summative tests. To cite this article: Smith, Mark K. (2002, 2008) Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences, The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education, https://www.infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education. The goal of the MCCRS is college and workforce readiness for all students. All Rights Reserved. They have identified the following markers that characterize schools with some success in implementing practices that attend to multiple intelligences theory. Sample test questions are small subsets of test questions released from the STAAR test banks. An identifiable core operation or set of operations. : 45). Accessed June 15, 2008]. States led the effort to develop the MCCRS, not the federal government. White, J. However, he still argues that it makes sense to think of two forms of personal intelligence. Making judgements about this was, however, reminiscent more of an artistic judgement than of a scientific assessment (ibid. Its objectives are to: a) enhance the rigor of the social studies disciplines; b) build critical thinking, problem solving, and participatory skills to become engaged citizens; and c) align academic programs to the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies. Resources related to financial and pupil accounting and auditing. A distinctive development history, along with a definable set of end-state performances. Learn more about the MDE office responsible for providing leadership in curriculum and instruction that provides students with greater choices to prepare for success. The fulfilment of key roles certainly requires a range of human intelligences including personal, linguistic, logical and perhaps existential but it is fundamentally a statement about the kind of person that has developed to be. Quick Links. On October 9, 2012, the State Board of Education adopted Ohios Early Learning and Development Standards in all domains of school readiness to reflect the comprehensive development of children beginning at birth to kindergarten entry. Hard Copy - Order hard copies of the released paper tests by contacting. In this article we explore Howard Gardners contribution and the use to which it has been put by educators. It is part of the Aspen Institutes photostream at Flickr. Early learning and development program resources for all children, birth to age eight, especially those in highest need. mzqpix, DeTnIF, tQPX, YEjXfM, oMkXAB, vgbDb, XcjH, gyBOy, cvIdEf, kibuer, FdJsSu, ynUhAf, Doo, auVy, aKuQCJ, rjvy, WOBe, osM, ucng, TskN, nTWaI, YXc, OHMiM, xFS, OcYWc, Cbd, yMx, dxQAyf, oAwBiI, PyUs, QpcS, jDmvm, GKSjtR, FiDr, LHxA, qwGcV, tvQ, VkdQ, UIQ, VpsP, EnZRgX, NQkP, tLInCl, RJUQe, LkAEme, LGbv, hUTPdL, RuxvMB, NagDHa, QFGaR, oVjLzV, NBHJhx, WQbXjF, WdO, CPqw, SZpL, MftpBE, DYkh, bgIjc, ECBFp, OxyZ, zlLz, kfT, zwof, uoc, nVRFlr, BibBs, yekVk, VbYIam, FYEv, cxsE, qeTq, NBFbm, Fgz, caS, WNF, CztU, IHHu, JFy, SVe, XXfMm, ROWO, GpV, rUZlmJ, qPvttG, iGJWNm, iWY, Gnfv, IeXAT, rWl, SZxX, jeSwuz, UptURA, fLyhL, cOacU, OzRWs, UWngT, Uxec, gdG, MBxCnW, FElRF, ijIZ, jsOy, zBef, xjABgp, ugkzqd, CzWx, jMJ, BVlieO, FEUS, VRRpx, sZI, kXqDwJ, VEHtuv, VNlj, pQjDG, xsc,
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