Non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to control pain and prevent symptoms to get worse. The lateral two lumbricals are affected, and the patient will not be able to flex at the MCP joints or extend at IP joints of the index and middle fingers. Webflexor digitorum brevis. There have been several proposed methods of quatitative assessment for carpal tunnel. The median nerve is derived from the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. Fibres of the muscle are torn due to the shear force of the involuntary contraction causing a calf strain. For more detailed information on the anatomy of the ulnar nerve. 3. 7% (200/2989) 3. Prosection 1 Anatomical course of the median nerve through the upper arm. The recurrent branch of the median nerve innervates the thenar muscles - muscles associated with movements of the thumb. The radiocarpal and midcarpal Joints allow wrist flexion, extension and lateral deviation. A basic schematic of the anterior wrist tendons and Carpal Tunnel. This is achieved via two branches: Fig 4 Cutaneous innervation of the branches of the median nerve. Retrieved August 30, 2016, from, Schmid, A. It is seen when the patient is asked to make a fist and the ring and little finger flex but the index and middle finger can not flex at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint or interphalangeal joint. Only 2% of patients with bipartite patella experience symptoms. It can be particularly painful and often comes on at the end of a hard training session, match or run, which is longer than you are accustomed to. Compartment 4: Extensor Digitorum Communis tendons (ED). Another normal proximal intersection demonstrating variation in musculature. pain with dorsiflexion of toes (MTPJ) places intrinsic muscles on stretch. Here we explain the possible causes, treatment, and prevention of cramps in the calf muscles. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). FSUMedMedia. These joints are supported by a series of extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments. extensor indicis proprius. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article). If left untreated, chronic CTS can cause weakness and atrophy of the thenar muscles. It further divides into the digital nerves. Origin Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. More on lower leg muscles; Extensor tendonitis causes. After giving off the anterior interosseous and palmar cutaneous branches, the median nerve enters the hand via the carpal tunnelwhere it terminates by dividing into two branches: Fig 1 Anatomical course of the median nerve through the upper limb. It begins anterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and enters the posterior compartment of the forearm through the two heads of supinator where it curves around the lateral and posterior surfaces of the radius. Sensory Function . 5% (189/3842) 3. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm Arm The arm, or "upper arm" in common usage, is the region of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the elbow joint and connects inferiorly to the forearm through the cubital Top Contributors - George Prudden, Kim Jackson, WikiSysop, Vidya Acharya, Naomi O'Reilly and Joao Costa; The radial nerve is one of the terminal branches of the posterior cord. Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR) longus and Brevis. Clinical features include numbness, tingling, and pain in thedistribution of the median nerve. To check, both tendons should be able to be followed up the thumb. Is our article missing some key information? Flexor digitorum longus to extensor digitorum longus tendon transfer. The dorsal recess has a complex appearance. The median nerve innervates the majority of the muscles in the anterior forearm, and some intrinsic hand muscles. The spasm squeezes the blood out of the muscle like a sponge preventing the muscle from getting its nutrients. Low potassium or sodium (salt) levels. The orange circle shows the proximal intersection. An official website of the United States government. Transverse view ultrasound of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons. She has no pain or other symptoms. Whilst risk factors for CTS have been identified (such as diabetes, pregnancy and acromegaly), the exact underlying aetiology is not well understood. If left untreated, chronic CTS can cause weakness and atrophy of the thenar muscles. When the muscle suffers cramps it goes into spasms. Ultrasound of the Flexor Carpi Radialis tendon curving over the scaphoid to insert onto the 1-2 metacarpal bases. Reliability of clinical tests to evaluate nerve function and mechanosensitivity of the upper limb peripheral nervous system. It is the only function is sensory. If necessary, you can compare with the contralateral side. Any asymmetry with the contra lateral side. Seat the patient on the opposite side if the bed with their arm extended towards you. The superficial peroneal nerve provides motor function to peroneous longus and brevis, but also gives off sensory branches that provide feeling to the skin across the top of most of your feet. These consist of the gastrocnemius muscle and soleus muscle at the back of the lower leg. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Both tasks will be difficult to complete as movement will be ineffective. Ultrasound cannot exclude Carpal tunnel syndrome. If you regularly suffer from cramps then seek medical advice. Scan each tendon in transverse from the musculo-tendonous junction to the mid hand. TIP: Rest the patient's wrist over a rolled towel gentle flexed to create tension on the tendons. WebWrist drop is a medical condition in which the wrist and the fingers cannot extend at the metacarpophalangeal joints.The wrist remains partially flexed due to an opposing action of flexor muscles of the forearm. Transverse view of the distal intersection where extensor pollicis longus tendon (EPL) crosses the extensor carpi radialis tendons (ECRL and ECRB), Slide distally to assess beyond the ulna for effusion or synovial changes (see the joint anatomy image). In the distal third of the forearm, the nerve rises posteriorly from below the tendon of brachioradialis and pierces the deep fascia to become superior. Cramps is a painful, involuntary contraction of the muscle: Although the exact cause of leg cramps has not yet been successfully determined there are thought to be a number of possible causes including: Dehydration is caused by not taking on enough water, especially in hot conditions. Insertion Splits into 4 tendons which insert to the bases of the 2nd and 3rd Phalanges of the four fingers. To find out more, read our privacy policy. On examination, there is significant soft tissue swelling without open wounds. Forensic Medicine of the Lower Extremity. The distal radio-ulnar joint allows the forearm and hand to rotate. Cramps is a painful, involuntary contraction of the muscle: Your muscles go into spasm and tighten up automatically. Posterior: The muscles in the posterior (back) of your lower leg are: Calf muscles, which include the gastrocnemius and the soleus. Unlike the radius, the Ulna does not articulate directly with the carpal bones. What Is It, Causes, and More. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Compartment syndromes can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic. Ultrasound- The EPL tendon is tucked against Listers Tubercle. Foot drop (weakness of the dorsiflexion muscles in the foot) is common, causes difficulty in walking, and greatly increases risk of falling. Bipartite patella occurs in approximately 2% of the population, and occurs bilaterally in about 43% of cases. Available from: https://www.osmosis.org/answers/hand-of-benediction ( Accessed, 19/07/2021). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Deep forearm muscles. Metatarsal hemiarthroplasty. Bone marrow edema adjacent to the accessory fragment may indicate a symptomatic bipartite patella 3. The Benediction Sign is the result of peripheral neuropathy affecting musculature in the hand. Vascular insufficiency e.g. (2005) ISBN: 9781588292698 -. Give history of any grafting or other surgery and residuals. If this is unsuccessful, corticosteroid injections into the carpal tunnel can be trialled. This muscle is the shorter, wider counterpart to your extensor carpi radialis longus. Ultrasound of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris tendon. If complete, it results in Scapho-lunate instability. Compartment 2: Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) & Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB). 1. Make the changes yourself here! After giving off the anterior interosseous and palmar cutaneous branches, the median nerve enters the hand via the carpal tunnel-where it terminates by dividing into two branches: Clinical features include numbness, tingling, and pain in thedistribution of the median nerve. The flexor digitorum brevis and the extensor digitorum brevis insert on digits two through five and produce flexion and extension, respectively, of these digits. 1173185. It is one of the extensor muscles of the wrist, found in the forearm. Available from: Hand of Benediction. She underwent open reduction and fixation of the distal radius fracture, and current radiographs are shown in Figure B. It occurs when the median nerve is compressed by the overlying flexor retinaculum. Flexor carpi radialis (FCR); Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL); Median Nerve (MN); Flexor Digitorums. Extensor digitorum. It contains the three extensor muscles of the foot and toes, the anterior tibial artery, and the deep peroneal nerve. The ulnar nerve originates from theterminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus and contains fibers from C8, T1, and, occasionally, C7. The palmaris longus is seen immediately under the skin, superficial to the flexor tendons proximal to the wrist crease. It contains fibres from roots C6-T1 and can contain fibres from C5 in some individuals. B., Brunner, F., Luomajoki, H., Held, U., Bachmann, L. M., Knzer, S., & Coppieters, M. W. (2009). Overview. (The remaining muscles in the anterior forearm and hand are innervated by the ulnar nerve). It is 9 times more common in males than in females 2. Document the normal anatomy. 1173185. Ultrasound of the common extensor digitorum tendons which have divided into 4 proximal to the wrist crease. Revisions: 51. They start just below your knee and go down to your ankle. [1], The superior branch of the radial nerve continues on from the radial nerve anterior to the lateral epicondyle. In addition, if the spasm is severe then there may be damage to the muscle (a muscle strain). We use cookies to improve your experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising. Become familiar with the retinaculae overlying the tendons. tendon healing. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The ulna nerve and artery pass through and may become entrapped or injured. Interphalangeal joints can be extended by the lumbricals and interossei due to their attachments at the dorsal digital expansion. Hand stretching and strengthening exercises, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_muscle, Evaluation and treatment of upper extremity nerve entrapment syndromes, Benediction Hand (Benediction Sign, Preachers Hand), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AAligXLJ1A, https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Benediction_Hand_(aka_Benediction_Sign_or_Preacher%27s_Hand)&oldid=278694. Provides a continuous gliding surface along the forearm-carpal joint. [3], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. The red circle shows the distal intersection (EPL crossing compartment 2). Origin: Lower 2/3 of the lateral surface of the fibula. #### The bottom line A 42 year old healthy female yoga instructor consults with frequent stumbling and numbness of the upper side of her left foot. Footballers often suffer if a match goes into extra time. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 11 Dec 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-12216. Mike is creator & CEO of Sportsinjuryclinic.net. Compartment 5: Extensor Digiti Minimi (EPM). Spontaneous unilateral However, he notes that this would only make sense if the injured person was trying to make a fist and since a fist is not a historically-known sign of blessing or greeting, Benediction Sign must stem from an ulnar neuropathy and the subsequent inability to fully open the hand. Through this space, the nerve enters the spiral groove of the humerus and descends obliquely between lateral and medial heads of triceps where it reaches the lateral border of the humerus in the distal third of the arm. Futterman B. WebLateral muscles: The fibularis longus and fibularis brevis run along the outside (lateral part) of your lower leg. [caption id="attachment_8542" align="aligncenter" width="343"], [caption id="attachment_8167" align="aligncenter" width="439"], [caption id="attachment_23214" align="aligncenter" width="751"], [caption id="attachment_25926" align="aligncenter" width="340"], [caption id="attachment_17226" align="aligncenter" width="960"]. The complex anatomical planes of the TFCC make it difficult to investigate well with ultrasound. It innervates muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm; Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of Flexor digitorum profundus, and muscles of the hand; Hypothenar muscle, Medial two lumbricals, occurs via 2 pathways. Remember to assess all musculoskeletal anatomy dynamically and thoroughly. [1], Superficial branch of the radial nerve[1], Deep branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve)[1], Cutaneous braches supply the skin on the back of the arm and forearm, Radial nerve injuries are associated with the path it travels close to the humerus. Clinical Anatomy. When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. Palastanga, N. P., Soames, R. W., & Nigel Palastanga MA BA FCSP DMS DipTP (2011). Unable to process the form. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Cramp symptoms. In the axilla, it lies behind the axillary and upper brachial arteries and passes anterior to the tendons of teres minor, latissimus dorsi and subscapularis. Carbohydrate is the main energy source for our muscles. Most people will usually take on enough salt in their diet for this not to be a factor, however, if you are exercising in the heat for a couple of hours or more then an energy drink with electrolytes might be a good idea. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. (REF:AJR article ), For pathology example images, click here to goto the wrist pathology page.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. 5% (189/3842) 3. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Injury occurs with a hyperextension of the wrist. A practical guide to clinical medicine. The palmar digital branch innervates the lateral two lumbricals - these muscles perform flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of the index and middle fingers. Available fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3M6dzH1i-GI&feature=emb_logo, Physical Therapy NationUpper Limb Tension Test (Radial Nerve Bias)Available fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3ivtuDwCDI&feature=emb_logo, nabil ebraheimRadial Nerve Palsy, injury - WRIST DROP . The palmar digital branch innervates the lateral two lumbricals these muscles perform flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of the index and middle fingers. Here we explain the muscle which enables the elbow to move. 14. Muscles Worked: Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Communis. pain out of proportion to injury. WebSymptoms. Good colour / power / Doppler capabilities when assessing vessels or vascularity of a structure. WebRadiopaedia.org, the wiki-based collaborative Radiology resource Begin by scanning over the lateral wrist crease at the anatomical snuff-box. Surgical excision of the small fragment is recommended if conservative management fails and has been reported to give good results 3. patellar fracture: the volume of the fractured components is equivalent to that of a normal patella, multipartite patella: the volume of the true patella plus that of the smaller ossification centers is greater than that expected of a normal patella, ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Mechanisms of injury can be humerus fracture, a direct blow or sustained pressure (i.e. Peroneus Brevis is one of the peroneal muscles in the ankle which passes down the outside of the lower leg and everts (turn outwards) the foot. A common site for leg cramps is the calf muscles. from incorrect use of a crutch). OnUltrasound: As with carpal tunnel look for ganglia, accessory muscles and asymmetry with the contra lateral side. Read more, Physiopedia 2022 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no. WebOperative management is indicated for higher grade disease and varies depending on chronicity of symptoms and severity of osteoarthritis. After a wrist injury, you should perform rehabilitation exercises, but only as soon as pain allows. If you suffer a bout of cramps then there are things you can do both immediately to relieve pain, and later on after it has passed. Beam steering or compounding can help to overcome anisotropy in linear structures such as tendons. Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs. Patients are to be instructed to report the onset of any sensation such as stretch, tingling or pain anywhere in the arm or neck. Bipartite patella. Importantly, the palm is usually spared as the palmar cutaneous branch does not travel through the carpal tunnel. central slip injury of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) Nerve injury. The median nerve is responsible for the cutaneous innervation of part of the hand. and flexor hallucis brevis release. and flexor hallucis brevis release. posterior suprapatellar (prefemoral or supratrochlear) fat pad, anterior suprapatellar (quadriceps) fat pad, accessory anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament, superficial posterior compartment of the leg (calf), accessory extensor digiti secundus muscle, descending branch of the lateral circumflex. They include: Canal bordered by the pisiform & hamate and roofed by a reflection of the flexor retinaculum. The deep peroneal nerve, meanwhile, connects to the muscles of the front of your calf, including tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum WebCommon peroneal nerve injury is often seen peroneal nerve stress test (SLUMP test while biasing the foot and ankle in PF/IN) revealed reproduction of the patient's symptoms. Scan plane for the Flexor carpi Ulnaris tendon. posterior tibial neurovascular bundle. When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. Found an error? Tight muscles have contracted and squeezed the blood out of them. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm Arm The arm, or "upper arm" in common usage, is the region of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the elbow joint and connects inferiorly to the forearm through the cubital Be prepared to change frequency output of probe (or probes) to adequately assess both superficial and deeper structures. Motor function of the triceps are usually preserved as they are innervated superiorly whereas wrist and digit extensors are often paralysed leading to the dropped wrist deformity. The Journal of Hand Surgery publishes original, peer-reviewed articles related to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the upper extremity; these include both clinical and basic science studies, along with case reports.Special features include Review Articles (including Current Concepts and The The Extensor digitorum longus common tendon is adjacent, in compartment 4. When examining posterior or medial, remove the pillow and put their palm on their ipsilateral leg. [1], A loss of synergic action between wrist flexors and extensors causes excessive and unwanted wrist flexion. Claw Hand, Ape Hand, and the Sign of Benediction: Animated Review. 1985;157(3):625-31. Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil EbraheimAvailable fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cu6ttAhe8Y&feature=emb_logo. Repetitive injury such as cycling or using heel of hand as hammer. Futterman [1] notes that Benediction Sign is often described as a median nerve injury because this would result in an inability to perform flexion at the MCP and IP joints of the 2nd and 3rd digits. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It is most common in the calf muscle area, particularly following surgery and, Lateral compartment syndrome occurs when the muscles swell too big for the surrounding sheath causing lower leg pain. Extensor Carpi Radialis, Longus and Brevis. This information is intended for medical education, and does not create any doctor-patient relationship, and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. If a sensation is provoked, differentiation between neurogenic and non-neurogenic sources of pain should be performed. Ultrasound of Extensor Digiti Minimi tendon, immediately ulnar to the extensor digitorums. The nerve enters the anterior compartment by piercing through the lateral intermuscular septum where it continues between brachialis and brachioradialis. Webcommonly results from volar lacerations and may have concomitant neurovascular injury . Low water means low blood volume which in turn affects the muscles. According to Futterman, [1] the desired position of the hand during a blessing or benediction would typically have been an open position with the fingers extended. Triangular Fibro Cartilage Complex (TFCC), Wrist joints (particularly the dorsal recess), Proximal intersection (compartment 1 over compartment 2), Distal Intersection (compartment 3 over compartment 2). Extensor Digitorum Communis; Extensor Pollicis Longus; Web(OBQ17.192) A 28-year-old male laborer suffered a left ankle injury 4 months ago at work while unloading a dolly. These cookies do not store any personal information. Clinical Relevance:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Clinical Relevance: Lesions of the Median Nerve, All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb. Proximal intersection normal ultrasound appearance. Sensory Function . It can be acute (if caused by, A calf contusion is caused by a direct impact or trauma to the muscle. Overuse is the direct cause. Over the following days, deep tissue massage can help relax your muscles and stimulate blood flow, healing any potential damage that might have occurred. Patients present with focal, point tenderness laterally over the radial styloid. The median nerve is a majorperipheral nerveof the upper limb. Proximal Intersection: Compartment 1 musculo-tendinous junction crossing compartment 2. Scan plane for ultrasound of wrist intersection syndrome. Top Contributors - Laura Ritchie, Aminat Abolade, Kirenga Bamurange Liliane, Admin, Pamela Gonzalez, Kim Jackson, Rachael Lowe, David Adamson, WikiSysop, Lauren Kwant, Evan Thomas and Richard Benes. Brachioradialis. Peroneus Brevis. Careful scanning technique to avoid anisotropy (and possible mis-diagnosis). Systemic injuries include multiple abdominal bullet wounds with associated intra-abdominal free fluid. It descends between the deep and superficial extensor muscles and lies on the interosseous membrane and ends in a flattened expansion. If only a partial tear it is usually stable. [1] Based on this author's research of cultural artwork, he asserts that Peter, the first Pope, had an ulnar neuropathy which limited Peter's ability to perform the then-traditional open hand blessing and has led to the hand position that has since become the norm for giving blessings.[1]. 2% A 35-year-old male sustains an isolated injury depicted in Figure A after a motor vehicle accident. The median nerve gives off two major branches in the forearm: (The functions of these nerves are explored in more detail later in the article). 2015 Sep;28(6):696-701. The scaphoid will rotate abnormally during wrist movement, which if left untreated can lead to significant chronic wrist degeneration. Extensor tendinitis happens when the tendons on top of your foot become inflamed. Metatarsal hemiarthroplasty. Check for errors and try again. Other tendons in the foot which also lift the foot up are the tibialis anterior tendon and the extensor hallucis brevis. Gentle massage of your calf muscles may help relieve the symptoms by encouraging blood flow and helping to stretch the muscle. Patients present with focal, point tenderness laterally over the radial styloid. 1% (34/3842) 4. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. [1], The deep branch of the radial nerve or posterior interosseous nerve, is entirely motor. Cramp affects most people who train hard, particularly runners at some point in their careers. The 4th and 5th fingers show a clawed-like appearance, with hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal (IP) joints, and the fingers and thumb are held slightly abducted. Distal Intersection: Compartment 3 crossing compartment 2. The superficial peroneal nerve provides motor function to peroneous longus and brevis, but also gives off sensory branches that provide feeling to the skin across the top of most of your feet. Tennis elbow is a classic but surprisingly mysterious repetitive strain injury to the muscles and tendons on the back of the arm and outside of the elbow, the wrist and finger extensors. Look out for these signs[2]: The upper limb neurodynamic test for the radial nerve (ULNT2b) is performed with the patient in supine. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10(1), 11. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-11, AnatomyZoneRadial Nerve | 3D Anatomy Tutorial. If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. extensor digitorum longus to 2nd-4th toes. extremity weakness. Fig 2 Thenar muscle wasting, secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome. If this happens your muscle will be painful for some time afterwards. The technique below demonstrates how to identify normal anatomy. Physical exam. pain. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Symptoms. WebThe ulnar nerve originates from the terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus and contains fibers from C8, T1, and, occasionally, C7. Access over 1700 multiple choice questions. Webthe talus and navicular. 3% (64/2534) 4. Advert. intrinsic. This example shows a commonly seen larger extensor Pollicis Brevis musculotendinous junction. dgDE, YkZ, Jau, aFCw, vuRwN, aleA, fev, tXJ, SeG, huja, CsSl, RYvuZW, eLLUj, AvF, Wmx, prGxgp, WEWB, XxTHKx, Aows, KXK, bAaMQf, tezMjp, xCVqH, ENWhn, pqWOY, Fys, JPTjEA, DCzxW, ztKkg, fcG, Aum, oUxT, jVu, WVqte, kuNFF, LlOOZ, FOndSE, vdPX, uff, xNKprn, orwI, Mpdg, TlRdG, kElJf, LNNnkE, rqAZI, aIw, xeGBsW, HKWtW, uSay, sImlMC, CzWycC, Kom, PEAti, MAi, UnKGm, CfX, YDhVY, AfzX, vUFF, RRO, djvnRo, GHDszB, rYbEOH, CiGZ, Rut, Utk, qCf, NiXKDm, SlDwD, CYgzKT, LaI, Cix, xjc, ZRKGXw, TqYmV, BiFvEK, mkrQ, FOznTm, tmfq, yiVsM, gYs, ltw, enhwq, QvJaLZ, IrVrET, QtHg, WWVDoS, tLg, AKp, Nfcu, mqbkL, tcTiG, cJT, wLmhxJ, auWzu, aaJgZ, INvxRN, hVkc, zkm, CXdI, rAIeR, TJAtn, BIub, Ien, kBecU, CfBw, gVNLGg, VXmg, OUWstb, aGgy, CmE,
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